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The first scholar to research the Karaim community in Eastern Europe was Count Thaddeus Czacki (1765–1813). Initially, in his capacity as a member of the government commission in the First Republic of Poland, he dealt with the issue of taxes levied on the Karaim population. In 1788 he advocated their exemption from the poll tax. It may have been he himself who was behind the Karaim petition from Lutsk written in 1790 and addressed to the Polish parliament. This appeal called for a separate tax arrangement for Karaims distinct from that for the Jews. After the collapse of the Polish state, Czacki remained a  spokesperson for the interests of the Polish Karaims in the Russian Empire. Evidence of this is a letter sent to him in 1807 by the Karaims of Lutsk. Count Czacki became a member of the committee for the solution of Jewish affairs established by Tsar Alexander I. It is in this context that we should read his essays on Jews and Karaims, published in Vilnius in 1807 and translated into Russian. Thanks to his endeavours, he can justly be called the father of Karaim studies.
PL
Uczonym, który jako pierwszy rozpoczął badania nad Karaimami we Wschodniej Europie, był hrabia Tadeusz Czacki (1765–1813). Początkowo w Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, jako członek komisji rządowej, zajmował się Czacki kwestią podatków ludności karaimskiej. Był w 1788 r. zwolennikiem zwolnienia jej od podatku pogłównego. Możliwe, że był on inicjatorem petycji Karaimów z Łucka, napisanej w 1790 r. do polskiego sejmu. Memoriał wzywał do uchwalenia organizacji podatkowej dla Karaimów, odrębnej od Żydów. Po upadku państwa polskiego, Czacki był nadal rzecznikiem interesów polskich Karaimów w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim. Świadczy o tym list wysłany w 1807 r. do niego przez Karaimów Łucka. Hrabia Czacki został członkiem powołanego przez cara Aleksandra I komitetu dla rozwiązania spraw żydowskich. W takim kontekście należy odczytać jego rozprawki o Żydach i o Karaimach, wydane w 1807 r. i tłumaczone na rosyjski. Dzięki temu może on być nazwany ojcem karaimistyki.
EN
For decades, the history of medicine, healing, medical culture, health, etc. has been fascinating researchers: historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and doctors alike. Researchers in this field use source materials that have been known in science for a long time, often creating a questionnaire of issues and questions that no one has posed so far. Elżbieta Nowosielska’s publication, entitled „Melancholy, madness and other ‘headaches’ in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries” (2021) belongs to this group of works. It is clear to anyone who has dealt with books of miracles and graces that, on the basis of the miraculous literature, if properly explored, E. Nowosielska would have come close to one of the goals outlined in the book’s introduction – a possibly complete picture of the approach to madness or melancholy. The author underestimated the effort made by Jowita Jagla, a researcher into the books of miracles and graces, and the votive offerings, who discusses issues related to epilepsy in her work, and disregarded several other texts. This does not speak very well of the search she carried out.
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