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EN
The outbreak of the German-Soviet war in June 1941 aroused enthusiasm in wide circles of Spanish society, still trying to heal its wounds after the revolution and civil war of the 1930s. Almost immediately there were calls for creating voluntary military units and sending them to Russia to fight against the hateful Bolshevism. This initiative is examined by Professor Xavier Moreno Juliá in his study The Blue Division. Spanish Blood in Russia, 1941–1945, a Polish edition of which was published in 2009. It still remains the most extensive and most comprehensive publication among works dealing with Franco’s Spain involvement on the eastern front available in Poland. In the article the author analyses the accuracy of the theses and opinions presented in the work in question, especially in the context of Polish approaches to the problem so far.
EN
This study deals with the issue of the Czech and Slovak anti-communist exile in Spain during the first two decades of the Cold War. With a focus on the (im)mobility of these exiles and its productive character, it questions the well-known nature of the Iron Curtain. Through an analysis of (infra)structures and fixities already existing and further developed by these émigrés in Madrid (contacts, institutions, communications media), this contribution works with the thesis of Michael David-Fox, who claims that this Cold War divide was rather semi-permeable (selectively permeable), as it maintained various gaps and loopholes on many levels. These led not only to the maintenance of contacts through this East-West barrier but also enabled fruitful activity and eventually (im)mobility to be carried out into, within and outside of Spain.
EN
Article analyzes the participation of the Moroccan soldiers in the National Army (Ejército Nacional) during the Civil War in Spain. Their support was crucial not only for the conquest of the territory of the Spanish Protectorate but it also enabled to seize foodholds on the continent. Causes of the support given by the Moroccans to the nationalist Spain, their actions on the battlefields and finally the consequences of their participation in the war were also described.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia udział marokańskich żołnierzy w szeregach Armii Narodowej (Ejército Nacional) w okresie wojny domowej w Hiszpanii. Poparcie Marokańczyków dla sprawy narodowej okazało się nie tylko kluczowe dla błyskawicznego opanowania terytorium marokańskiego protektoratu, lecz także umożliwiło zdobycie pierwszych przyczółków na kontynencie. W artykule zostały przeanalizowane motywy opowiedzenia się żołnierzy z Afryki Północnej po stronie generała Franco, ich najważniejsze działania na frontach i wreszcie znaczenie ich udziału w wojnie.
EN
Article analyzes the participation of the Portuguese volunteers in the National Army (Ejército Nacional) during the Civil War in Spain. Contrary to the popular belief, so called Legion Viriatos was never created; this name was used to describe all the Portuguese who decided to fight on general Franco’s side. Causes of their participation, their actions during the war and the attitude of António de Oliveira Salazar’s government to the question of volunteers in Spain were also presented in the article.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia udział portugalskich ochotników w szeregach Armii Narodowej (Ejército Nacional) w okresie wojny domowej w Hiszpanii. W przeciwieństwie do często powtarzanego stwierdzenia nigdy nie powstał tzw. Legion Viriatos – mianem tym określano wszystkich Portugalczyków, którzy zdecydowali się walczyć po stronie generała Franco. Przyczyny ich uczestnictwa w wojnie, ich aktywność na frontach oraz stosunek rządu António de Oliveiry Salazara do kwestii ochotników również zostały przeanalizowane w artykule.
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Futbol w cieniu dyktatury

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EN
Cristóbal Villalobos Salas, Fútbol y fascismo [Football and Fascism] Federica Seneghini, Las futbolistas que desafiaron a Mussolini [Women Footballers Who Defied Mussolini]
PL
Cristóbal Villalobos Salas, Fútbol y fascismo, Altamarea, Madrid 2020, ss. 200. Federica Seneghini, Las futbolistas que desafiaron a Mussolini, Altamarea, Madrid 2022, ss. 224.
EN
Augusto Pinochet’s Military Coup in Chile (1973-1977) - from the Perspective of Francoist Daily Press („Arriba” and „El Alcázar”) in Spain
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