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Wzrost znaczenia Frankfurtu nad Menem jako niemieckiego i międzynarodowego centrum finansowego

100%
Gostomski E., Michałowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2014
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vol. 17
|
issue 3(64)
78-86
PL
Frankfurt nad Menem jest największym centrum finansowym w strefie euro, plasującym się obecnie na 9. pozycji pod względem znaczenia dla światowych obrotów finansowych według indeksu Global Financial Centres Index. Jest to największy w Europie po Londynie ośrodek bankowości międzynarodowej. Instytucją finansową o fundamentalnym znaczeniu dla Frankfurtu jest ulokowana tam spółka Giełda Niemiecka (Deutsche Börse). Jest ona właścicielem i operatorem Frankfurckiej Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych. Do Deutsche Börse należą też: izba rozliczeniowa i depozyt papierów wartościowych Clearstream oraz europejska giełda instrumentów pochodnych Eurex. We Frankfurcie od wielu lat znajdują się ważne niemieckie i europejskie instytucje nadzorujące rynki finansowe, a po zlokalizowaniu paneuropejskiego nadzoru bankowego przy Europejskim Banku Centralnym, ośrodek ten awansował do roli stolicy europejskiego nadzoru finansowego.
EN
: Frankfurt am Main is the largest financial centre in the Eurozone which currently ranks ninth in the Global Financial Centres Index. It is the largest international banking centre in Europe after London. The financial institution of fundamental importance to Frankfurt is the German Stock Exchange (Deutsche Börse) which is located in the city. It is the owner and operator of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Deutsche Börse also owns: the international clearing and settlement organization Clearstream and European derivatives exchange Eurex. The important German and European institutions supervising the financial markets have been located in Frankfurt for many years. Currently, Frankfurt is finally advancing to become the capital of European financial supervision
2
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Volba a korunovace Karla VI. římským císařem v roce 1711

75%
Kubeš J.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2013
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vol. 111
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issue 4
805-841
EN
Based on the existing literature, contemporary printed materials and especially primary sources from the Bohemian Court Chancellary and the Family Archives of the Windisch- Grätz family, the author attempts, for the first time ever in a Czech historiography to deal comprehensively with the election and coronation of Charles VI in 1711. This text has two main purposes. Primarily, it involves a more comprehensive revisiting of the events after the death of Emperor Joseph I (April) in Vienna at the court of the Regent Empress dowager Eleonora Magdalena, at the court of Charles III of Spain in Barcelona, or possibly also in Milan, yet, especially in Frankfurt am Main. There, the pre-electoral negotiations, attended by the Bohemian electoral embassy took place, during which an electoral capitulation was drafted after approximately two months and the proper ceremonial election of Charles as King of the Romans (October) took place. Thereafter, the imperial coronation followed, yet again after an interval of two months (December). In second part, the author researches the events of 1711 in a wider context and compares them with preceding elections and coronations. He attempts to discover to what degree these processes were similar, or to what extent they differed from one another and to establish the reasons why deviations from traditions, which people in the Early Modern Ages held so dear, occurred; who benefited from these innovations and how they influenced the functioning of the Empire as a whole.
3
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The Delegation of the Bohemian King-Elector to the Election of the New Roman King in Frankfurt am Main, 1745

75%
Kubeš J.
Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
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2022
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vol. 6
65-97
EN
It may seem that we know a lot about the elections and coronations of Roman kings and emperors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and this also applies to the one of 1745, when Francis I Stephen became emperor. However, very little attention has been paid to the electoral delegations, their tasks, and their role in the pre-election negotiations. This article will therefore analyse the instructions issued by Queen Maria Theresa of Bohemia, who did not personally come to Frankfurt am Main for the election, to her diplomats. The analysis will then be supplemented by additional sources from the National Archives in Prague, where the reports of the delegation and other sources have been preserved. The election of 1745 is thoroughly compared with the elections of 1657–58 (Leopold I), 1711 (Charles VI), and 1742 (Charles VII). The author shows who made up the Bohemian delegation and how some of these diplomats’ tasks changed over time. Although the delegation of three noblemen – Counts Wurmbrand and Khevehüller, and Baron Hilleprand – had mainly ceremonial tasks, its role was also crucial in the actual negotiations, both on the very day of the election, then when it represented the Queen in the cathedral, and finally in conclave vote and when it was given other tasks (such as organising the celebratory banquet, illuminating the houses, etc.). It is evident that the delegation helped Queen Maria Theresa and her family regain possession of the imperial title.
4
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Státoprávní vyčlenění českých zemí ze Svaté říše římské. Důsledky říšské reformy Maxmiliána I. Habsburského

45%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2013
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vol. 111
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issue 4
743-804
EN
This study continues long-term specialist discussions on the constitutional relationship between the Lands of the Czech Crown and the Holy Roman Empire in the period of the Early Modern Age. With the help of new primary resources, the author focuses on the period 1477–1495 during which the exclusion of the Czech Lands from a newly formed Roman-German Empire took place. The emergence of a new constitutional arrangement was completed through the consent of all four participating parties (King of the Romans – the Imperial Estates – the King of Bohemia – the Czech Estates), therefore it was conflict-free. The exclusion of the Czech Lands from the Empire was not the result of the emancipation struggle of the Czech Estates, whether national or religious, but it occurred within the context of the internal re-structuralisation of the Empire at the beginning of the Imperial Reform of Maximilian I. From the very beginning of the emergence of the Early Modern Roman-German Empire in 1495, the Lands of the Czech Crown were not part of it, neither de facto nor de iure, although in the course of the following two centuries these two neighbouring state formations happened to have a joint ruler from time to time. This formerly rather unusual perspective, yet in the author’s view, sufficiently documented by primary sources, on the constitutional development of Early Modern Medieval Europe provides a broader framework for interpretations of long-term trends in the history of the 16th and the 17th centuries.
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