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EN
The article discusses the reception of Franz Kafka’s novels and the so-called “dark literature”, popular after 1956, by the censorship board. It presents the discussions around Kafka’s work and various interpretational strategies used to secure this literature a place in the culture of People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents analyses of the censors’ reviews of Kafka’s (but also Sartre’s or Faulkner’s) novels and offers insight into the censorship process and the literary life of the late 1950s in general.
EN
The article discusses the reception of Franz Kafka’s novels and the so-called “dark literature”, popular after 1956, by the censorship board. It presents the discussions around Kafka’s work and various interpretational strategies used to secure this literature a place in the culture of People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents analyses of the censors’ reviews of Kafka’s (but also Sartre’s or Faulkner’s) novels and offers insight into the censorship process and the literary life of the late 1950s in general.
EN
The article analyzes the links between the stories “The rat policeman”, by Roberto Bolaño, and “Josephine the singer or The mouse folk”, by Franz Kafka. It is argued that Bolaño wrote his story as a tribute to Kafka’s story, taking from it a series of aspects from which he introduces two distinctive topics of his own work: the crimes and the search for the murderer. But Bolaño does something else: he expands the notion of disappearance, showing it not as a decision that affects a single rat (Kafka’s Josefina, in this case), but as a phenomenon that hovers threateningly over the entire folk. The article also underlines a surprising fact: “The rat policeman” was published posthumously in the midst of circumstances very similar to those surrounding the appearance of “Josefina the singer or The mouse folk”, which unexpectedly increases the links between the two stories.
PL
Artykuł ten jest poświęcony badaniom najnowszego tłumaczenia opowiadania Franza Kafki Vor dem Gesetz (Před zákonem) w celu odkrycia jego aktualnej wartości estetycznej w czeskim środowisku literackim. Wyjątkowość danego tłumaczenia, które wykonał Josef Čermák, polega na tym, że tłumacz ustosunkowuje się do tekstu krytycznego i tym samym zastępuje tłumaczenie Vladimíra Kafki (1964). To tłumaczenie pochodzące sprzed 33 lat opierało się na wydaniu Maxa Broda, gdzie można wyśledzić zdecydowane, lecz nie zawszestosowne interwencje edytora. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że tłumaczenie Vladimíra Kafki ma znaczenie kultowe, Čermák w swoim tłumaczeniu respektuje je do pewnej miary. Dzięki temu, że w nastawieniu wobec Kafki istniały pewne uprzedzenia, publiczność czeska znała jego twórczość bardzo powierzchownie. Do dnia dzisiejszego słowo Kafka często służy jako modna naklejka. W ogólnej świadomości słowa takie jak „kafkowski“, lub „kafkárna“ używają się w znaczeniu absurdalna, nie dająca się wyjaśnić sytuacja. Biorąc powyżej przedstawione fakty pod uwagę, trzeba przyznać, że trudno jestnam ocenić wpływ Kafki, w tym i jego opowiadania Před zákonem (Przed prawem) na twórczość literacką w swoim kraju. Kautman twierdzi, że można znaleźć tylko pewne powiązania, zwłaszcza w ideowej i estetycznejdziedzinie. Kautman szuka tych powiązań u Nezvala (Kronika z konce tisíciletí), Holana (Lemurie) lub Ortena (Deníky). Sam Hrabal odwołuje się do Kafki bezpośrednio (Kafkárna). Wydaje się tak, że Kafka jeszcze się niedoczekał zrozumienia swego dzieła. Być może jego pierwsze wydanie zebranych dzieł w Czechach, gdzie jest zawarte również tłumaczenie Čermáka, przyczyni się do większego odzewu w czeskiej twórczości literackiej.
EN
This article reflects about the importance of Cheque writer Franz Kafka in the literary world of the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier. Kafka is an author cited and referred to frequently by Carpentier in his literary work (fiction and essay). Nevertheless, he it is not a traditional influence, but a model that boosted a slow transformation of Carpentiers “real marvelous” including the establishment of the marvelous as an atemporal cultural concept.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie Pragi w kontekście postaci Franza Kafki. Na początku autorzy opisują życie pisarza i jego związki z rodzinnym miastem. Druga część artykułu odnosi się do obrazu Pragi przedstawionego w pracach Kafki oraz do Kafki w praskiej przestrzeni miejskiej. Obecnie autor Procesu jest popularnym symbolem stolicy Republiki Czeskiej. Dlatego też w ostatniej części artykułu autorzy koncentrują się na różnorodnych działaniach marketingowych związanych z Franzem Kafką. Na końcu podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie dlaczego Kafka jest tak popularny wśród odwiedzających z całego świata.
XX
Mónica Ojeda (Guayaquil, 1988) is an Ecuadorian writer whose literature is linked to the horror in its multiple forms. Furthermore, Las Voladoras (2020), included Ojeda in a new literary genre called Andean Gothic, a category where horror and Latin American myths convey. This paper analyzes how Ojeda adapts the disposition of the narrative elements to the Andean folklore. Moreover, it studies Ojeda’s reconstruction of the female monster by introducing the figure of a woman and its double, a hybrid between witch and animal, in order to create an alter ego effect. This article addresses how this narrative maneuver links Ojeda to Franz Kafka (1883–1924) and his vision of the monster in society.
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Co słychać

80%
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2019
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vol. 73
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issue 1-2 (324-325)
499-500
PL
Próba wsłuchania się w teksty m.in. Franza Kafki, Stanisława Ignacego Witkiewicza i Brunona Schulza w poszukiwaniu muzycznych tropów.
EN
An attempt at listening closely to texts by, i.a. Franz Kafka, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, and Bruno Schulz in a search for musical tropes.
9
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Hlaváček a Kafka

71%
EN
The following text represents a chapter taken from my 2019 monograph on the journal Moderní revue (Modern Review), which was published in Prague between 1894 and 1925 and significantly contributed to the modernisation of Czech culture at that time. Moderní revue strove to overcome the narrow nationalist focus and ethnic segregation that had characterised so much 19th-century literature and art in Bohemia. The editors specifically sought to acquaint their readership with the Decadent trend then en vogue in Western Europe and one of the journal’s most important contributors, the poet and graphic artist Karel Hlaváček (1874–1898), has indeed been variously described as a typical representative of that particular brand of Modernism. My close reading of his prose poem Subtilnost smutku (‘The Subtlety of Sadness’, 1896), where a captive ‘cretin’ is introduced whose extremely refined sensibility has him metaphorically degenerate into a spider, is an attempt to establish in concrete detail what actually is Decadent about Hlaváček’s writing, how Decadence in literature may be defined in general terms, and what the application of such a label may tell us about a given text and its place in literary history. In order to do so, I contrast this piece with Franz Kafka’s classic story Die Verwandlung (‘The Metamorphosis’, 1912), a thematically comparable work that was written just sixteen years later, also in Prague, but one that cannot be plausibly described as Decadent. In my analysis, I also draw on a famous essay by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, who in 1975 presented Kafka and his specific milieu as an example of what they called ‘littérature mineure’ (minor literature). The assumptions of the two postmodernist critics, controversial and partly outdated as they may be, provide us with some methodologically useful cues, most importantly the systematic connection established by them between the historical-cultural context of turn-of-the-century Prague and specific uses of language. In the end, Hlaváček thus emerges from the comparison as a Decadent writer not so much because of his predilection for certain subjects and motifs (many of which are also to be found in Kafka), but because he has a way of taking things literally, of employing and arranging words, most notably his beloved Gallicisms, as if they were not just arbitrary, symbolic referents, but concrete collector’s items: separate and precious objects on public display.
EN
The article puts forward the theme and style specificity of Franz Kafka’s correspondence with his parents. Firstly, the letters feature information about facts from Kafka’s biography, his existence-related choices, as well as social and religious views; secondly, they refer the reader to the figures of speech and communicative games typical of the world of literature. The metamorphoses of style found in the analysis of Kafka’s letters require the reader to see the author as a literary figure and a human being; a person who does not create borders between his literary output and everyday existence. What is more, he is a person who found space of artistic fulfillment even in the relationship with his own parents. The analysis of Franz Kafka’s correspondence in the present article was conducted in two thematic sections. First section regards the issue of the writer’s attempts to acquire housing and existential independence from his parents. The other section describes Kafka’s efforts to protect his privacy in time of his lethal illness. In the case of both thematic sections, Kafka turns out to be an excellent stylist, changing his narrative style from one attracting the addressees emotionally to one repelling them. Another writing technique, constantly present in Kafka’s epistolography is stylistic dialectic which consists in exaggerating or downplaying phenomena, facts and inner states. As a result, thanks to his literary artistry Kafka achieves predominance of literary form over biographical reality as well as of symbolic and mythical images over the univocality of his lethal illness.
EN
The aim of this article is to present Roman Ingarden’s concept of literary opalization and oscillation. The problem of specific literary ambiguity, vagueness, variability will be considered on two complementary planes. The first plane will describe the phenomenon of opalescence and oscillation of the sound and meaning of a linguistic expression, while the second plane will focus on the layer of literary appearances and represented objects. Adopting such an order of considerations will make it possible to indicate those ‘places’ of a literary work of art in which this phenomenon is clearly present and sometimes determines its aesthetic value.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest prezentacja Romana Ingardena koncepcji opalizacji i oscylacji literackich. Problem specyficznej literackiej niejednoznaczności, niejasności, zmienności zostanie rozważony na dwóch uzupełniających się płaszczyznach. Na płaszczyźnie pierwszej opisane zostanie zjawisko opalizacji i oscylacji brzmienia i znaczenia wyrażenia językowego, zaś na płaszczyźnie drugiej zostanie ono uchwycone w warstwie literackich wyglądów i przedmiotów przedstawionych. Przyjęcie takiego porządku rozważań pozwoli wskazać na te „miejsca” literackiego dzieła sztuki, w których zjawisko to jest wyraźnie obecne i niekiedy przesądza o jego wartości estetycznej.
EN
The subject of the article is the problem of communication between a human and a non-human animal, analyzed in the context of animal studies against the background of a diverse literary tradition. The article analyzes two literary acts of trans-species communication that are poles apart in the texts Report to the Academy by Franz Kafka (1917) and The Final Scene by Kornel Filipowicz (1977). The monologue of the civilized chimpanzee as well as the refusal of the gorillas to remain silent, mark the extent to which animal protagonists respond to the oppression of objectifying assimilation in the stories under discussion. Both fictions, through the literary strategies adopted, compromise the human being and the human-centric perspective in the face of insurmountable (or seemingly defeated) otherness.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest problem porozumiewania się człowieka ze zwierzęciem innym niż człowiek, rozważany w kontekście animal studies na tle zróżnicowanej tradycji literackiej. Autor analizuje dwa literackie, biegunowo usytuowane, akty transgatunkowej komunikacji: Sprawozdanie dla Akademii Franza Kafki (1917) oraz Scenę końcową Kornela Filipowicza (1977). Monolog cywilizowanego szympansa lub odmowne milczenie goryli wyznaczają w omawianych opowiadaniach zakres reagowania zwierzęcych bohaterów na opresję uprzedmiotawiającej asymilacji. Obie fikcje za sprawą przyjętych strategii literackich kompromitują człowieka i humanocentryczną perspektywę w obliczu nieprzezwyciężonej (lub pozornie przezwyciężonej) inności.
EN
Franz Kafka is undoubtebly an important part of the literary canon of the Central Europe and especially of the canon formed by Milan Kundera in his works. Kundera considers Kafka to be one of his principal masters. He sees Kafka as an antecendent of surrealism and existencialism. According to his collection of essays The Art of the Novel, Kafka is the prototype of the ideal author who invites us to cross the border of the probable showing us the world from the other side. Thus, we can observe the human existence in different and better way. By showing this, he fills up the main task of every novelist. The contribution will analyze the alludes of Kafka in the work of Kundera and will try to describe their character and explain how Kundera works with examples of Kafka and his work in his own books.
EN
The idea of the university was never a significant context for researchers of Franz Kafka work. It was the other social institutions that became the natural source of allusive recognition of literary scholars (court, insurance company, imperial state office). In this sketch – written on the margins of Kafka’s famous short story: Report for the Academy – we are trying to change it. The university (title: Academy) here becomes a “central object of criticism”, an institution in ruins, a place where one does not practice research and does not perfect humanistic virtues. On the contrary, it is a space where the “gate of perception” and „critical thinking” are consistently closed – as a tribute to the particular game of interests. In the worst case – the effect of the Academy’s impact becomes destruction resulting from training and humiliation.
PL
Idea uniwersytetu nigdy nie stanowiła znaczącego kontekstu dla badań twórczości Franza Kafki. To inne instytucje społeczne stawały się naturalnym polem aluzyjnych rozpoznań literaturoznawców (sąd, zakład ubezpieczeń, cesarski urząd państwowy). W niniejszym szkicu (napisanym na marginesie słynnego opowiadania Kafki Raport dla Akademii) próbujemy to zmienić. Uniwersytet (tytułowa Akademia) staje się „centralnym obiektem krytyki”, instytucją w ruinie, miejscem, gdzie nie praktykuje się badań i nie doskonali humanistycznych cnót. Wręcz przeciwnie, jakże często (konsekwentnie) zamyka się tu „wrota percepcji” i wysadza śluzy „krytycznego myślenia” – w hołdzie partykularnej grze interesów. W najgorszym przypadku – skutkiem oddziaływania tak pomyślanej Akademii staje się destrukcja wynikła z aktów tresury i upokorzenia.
EN
This article focuses on Alex Zucker’s 2000 English translation and editing of Jáchym Topol’s Sestra (1994): City, Sister, Silver (Catbird Press). In particular, the article analyzes a passage which Zucker edited out of the novel (and which Topol also edited out of the second Czech edition of Sestra in 1996), that presents a humorous alternative history of Franz Kafka retold in a hallucinatory vision of Auschwitz. The context of the editing of the passage is instructive in thinking about the translation of Czech literature into English, especially of aesthetically and thematically challenging work: the difficult nature of cultural specific material; linguistic playfulness; and, most importantly, the role and agency of the translator. Zucker’s decision to post the edited passage online, on the publisher’s website, suggests a possible path for future translations, allowing interested readers access to work that might be edited because of domestic norms. Finally, the article analyzes Topol’s subversive humor in demythologizing Kafka, and Zucker’s translation strategies in conveying both the humor and Topol’s poetics into English.
EN
In this article, I analyze the attacks of ‘lingual asthma’ in Franz Kafka’s writings. Using Deleuzian concept of ‘stuttering language’ as a theoretical framework for my analysis, I claim that the aim of Kafkan deformation of language is to influence the structure of non-linguistic aspects of reality, and specifically to create a new sphere of ambiguity and possibilities. The stuttering of language, according to Deleuze, consists of two phases: first one, when linguistic dispossession affects the perception of language as foreign and distant and when, in result, it becomes external to experience and expression; second one, when writer provokes language to go beyond its borders. The former is the case of stuttering of language, the latter – making the language stutter. First one, relies on finding the cracks in the lingual system, second one, on provoking ruptures. By including the stammer in his prose, Kafka moves toward the extremes of language. Exploring the silence as a state of emergency of expression, he seems to question the whole lingual system. Kafkan literature, which defies itself by the impossibility of interpretation and incorporation of silence and stutter, seems to revise the mere concept of literature as such.
EN
The article discusses the issues of hunger and insatiability both in the literal and metaphorical sense, the latter in the works by Franz Kafka, particularly in his short story The Hunger Artist. The author attempts to find parallels between Kafka’s selected works and his biography.
EN
The narrative work of Cuban Calvert Casey (1924–1969) receives a decided influence from the literary and metaphysical world of the great Franz Kafka. This article shows some of the Kafkaesque constants that populate Casey’s stories. Atmospheres, symbols, characters, simulated attitudes, feelings of threat and hostility build the work of one of the most courageous and original Cuban writers of the sixties, who would also dedicate one of his essays to the author of The Metamorphosis.
EN
This article analyses three stories from the book De fronteras by Salvadoran writer Claudia Hernández: Mediodía de fronteras, Carretera sin buey and Lázaro, el buitre, in the light of Kafka’s animal narratives in which conventional human perspectives on animals and animality are subverted, thus configuring a gaze of their own. A gaze that in Hernández’s stories, through the narrator’s voice, allows us to imagine a symbiosis between the animal and the human.
PL
Przedmiotem refleksji jest poemat Tadeusza Różewicza przerwana rozmowa, który poświęcony jest Franzu Kafce. To utwór o charakterze pożegnalnym, będący w zamyśle poety przede wszystkim ostatnią próbą zmierzenia się z „tajemnicą” prozaika. Próbą, która zamknie tym samym wieloletnie „spotkania” z osobą i dziełem praskiego pisarza. Po 70 latach obcowania z twórczością Kafki Różewicz zdaje się twierdzić w przerwanej rozmowie, że wszystko co wiemy o pisarzu, to świadomość tego, że nigdy nie dotrzemy do fenomenu tej egzystencji i twórczości, zatrzymując się jedynie na poziomie niewyrażalnego.
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