Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 5

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Free City of Gdańsk
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The Weimar Germany did not accept the consequences of losing the First World War, thus it did not accept the border line with Poland. This border ran along two disputed areas: Pomerania in the north and Upper Silesia in the south-west, crossing many commu-nication routes. The return of Pomerania to Poland was one of the fundamental issues for the reborn Polish state, which was considered the basis of international prestige and facili-tation of military contacts with its western allies. The Free City of Gdansk was created on the basis of the Treaty of Versailles as a com-promise between the need for Poland to gain access to the Baltic Sea and the interests of the city's majority German-speaking population. It was an independent entity of interna-tional relations, connected by a special relationship of dependence with the League of Nations and an administrative protectorate with Poland. The international legal status of Gdańsk and its system was shaped by the aforementioned treaty, the Constitution of the Free City of Gdańsk and agreements concluded by the Gdańsk authorities with the Polish state. This complicated legal anchor and the granting of the power to decide on public matters to various decision-makers, whose interests often conflicted, has become the basis for serious conflicts and one of the hotspots in the still not easy German-Polish relations. The situation that developed in the Free City of Gdańsk also placed special tasks for Po-lish border formations and Polish customs service posts. The powers granted to Poland in the Free City of Gdańsk were extensive. The problem was their enforcement. Poland's relations with the Free City of Gdańsk were usually the result of Polish-German relations, and along with the war threat from Germany, they sys-tematically deteriorated. Gdańsk gradually took on the features of a German base for Poland. The difficult Polish-Gdańsk relations were affected by issues such as the Gdańsk consti-tution, the city's military defense and the problem of determining the place of transhi-pment of war materials.
EN
As much as the history of the Free City of Danzig (1920–1939) has been dedicated numerous academic studies, the activity of its institutions and people, particularly Gdańsk residents of German nationality who played a significant role in the city’s political, cultural, scientific, educational, and spiritual life until 1945 has been hardly investigated. One of such individuals is Willi Drost born in Gdańsk in 1892. Following his studies and academic work in Leipzig, Marburg, Cologne, and Konigsberg, in 1930 he returned to Gdańsk, where he was offered the position of a custodian and later conservator of monuments of the Free City of Gdańsk; furthermore, as of 1938 he was appointed Director of the City Museum, which he remained uninterruptedly until 1945. Beginning from 1930, he was also professor of art history at the Technischer Hochschule, engineering university, as well as curator of Museum Collections for the whole region of Gdańsk – Western Prussia. His scholarly activity yielded numerous publications in art theory, North European modern painting, and Gdańsk art. Furthermore, Drost takes credit for the inventory of Gdańsk historic churches conducted from 1934 onwards. Resorting to the preserved materials, in 1957–1964, Drost published a 5-volume series titled Art Monuments of the City of Gdańsk (Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Danzig). During WW II, together with Prof. Erich Volmar, he supervised the action of protecting and evacuating art works from the City Museum, Town Hall’s Red Room, Artus Manor, Uphagen’s House, as well as from churches and other historic facilities. Directly following the end of WW II, Drost stayed on in Gdańsk, helping Polish art historians to recover art works hidden in the city and its vicinity. Having left for Germany in the spring of 1946, he was professor at Hamburg and Tubingen universities. Until his last days he continued to promote the cultural heritage of Gdańsk. In recognition of his merits, Drost was honoured with numerous awards in Germany, while in 1992, on the 100th anniversary of his Birthday, a plaque commemorating him was unveiled in front of the building of the former City Museum (Stadtmuseum), today housing the National Museum in Gdańsk. The paper’s goal is to popularize Drost’s endeavours as a museologist, and to recall all he did for Gdańsk.
EN
This article reflects on the textual constructions of identity and the image of the Free City of Gdańsk (Danzig) in Frank Meisler’s autobiography On the Vistula Facing East, 1996 (Zaułkami pamięci. Gdańsk–Londyn–Jaffa, 2014; An der Weichsel gegen Osten, 2016). The author was a British-Israeli artist born in 1925 in the Free City of Gdańsk. The narrative analysis conducted here explores how Meisler presents cultural entanglements in the Free City of Gdańsk and its diversified Jewish community. My aim is to examine his strategies for portraying the borderland experience, his multilingualism, and for incorporating the Jewishness into the matrix of the East-West relations. Meisler’s autobiography has been interpreted as an example of the literature of cultural borderlands and of post-factum Holocaust literature.
PL
W artykule poddałam refleksji tekstualne konstrukcje projektu tożsamościowego oraz obraz Wolnego Miasta Gdańska w autobiografii wzrastającego tam artysty pochodzenia żydowskiego Franka Meislera zatytułowanej Zaułkami pamięci. Gdańsk – Londyn – Jaffa. Wychodząc od analizy narracyjnej, prześledziłam sposób portretowania kulturowego splotu Wolnego Miasta Gdańska i tamtejszej społeczności żydowskiej w jej zróżnicowaniu. Uwzględniłam zarówno kwestię ujmowania doświadczenia pogranicza i żydowskości, jak i różnice w ich przedstawianiu w stosunku do utartej matrycy postrzegania relacji Wschód–Zachód, a także wielojęzyczność jako motyw i strategię narracyjną. Tekst Meislera został ujęty w ramach literatury kulturowego pogranicza i postfaktograficznej literatury Holocaustu.
EN
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941), one of the architects of Polish independence and a world-renowned pianist, left behind an invaluable documentary legacy. It is scattered in over 20 archives and other remembrance institutions in Poland and other countries. It comprises biographical materials but above all, documents of almost 60 years of his artistic, political and diplomatic activity. When Paderewski became the head of the National Unity Government in the reborn Poland, he was already a world-famous artist. At the same time, he accepted the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Polish delegate to the peace conference in Paris. Over the course of less than a year (from 16 January to 9 December 1919) of activity, he played a key role in the struggle for Polish borders and building the organisational basis for the sovereign Polish state. Enjoying the trust of the leaders of Western powers, including US President Woodrow Wilson, he quickly achieved recognition of Poland as a sovereign state, allied with the Entente. At the Paris conference, supported by Roman Dmowski and historians (Szymon Askenazy, Oskar Halecki, Władysław Konopczyński) and geographers (e.g. Eugeniusz Romer), he fought diplomatic battles for the inclusion of Cieszyn Silesia, Upper Silesia, Eastern Galicia, and the lands of the Prussian partition including Gdańsk, into Poland. His resignation from the post of prime minister did not end his activity for Poland, which he continued as an émigré until his death in 1941.
PL
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941), jeden z twórców polskiej niepodległości oraz światowej sławy pianista, pozostawił po sobie bezcenną spuściznę dokumentacyjną. Jest ona rozproszona w ponad 20 archiwach i innych instytucjach pamięci w Polsce i innych krajach. Składają się na nią materiały o charakterze biograficznym, ale przede wszystkim dokumenty z jego niemal 60-letniej aktywności artystycznej, politycznej i dyplomatycznej. Już jako znany w świecie artysta Paderewski stanął na czele rządu jedności narodowej w odradzającej się Polsce. Jednocześnie objął funkcję ministra spraw zagranicznych i delegata polskiego na konferencję pokojową w Paryżu. W ciągu niespełna rocznej działalności (od 16 stycznia do 9 grudnia 1919 r.) odegrał kluczową rolę w walce o polskie granice i w budowie podstaw organizacyjnych niepodległego państwa polskiego. Ciesząc się zaufaniem przywódców mocarstw zachodnich, w tym prezydenta USA Woodrow Wilsona, szybko doprowadził do uznania Polski za niepodległe państwo, sprzymierzone z państwami Ententy. Na konferencji paryskiej, wspierany przez Romana Dmowskiego oraz historyków (Szymona Askenazego, Oskara Haleckiego, Władysława Konopczyńskiego) i geografów (m.in. Eugeniusza Romera) toczył dyplomatyczne boje o włączenie do Polski Śląska Cieszyńskiego, Górnego Śląska, Galicji Wschodniej oraz ziem zaboru pruskiego wraz z Gdańskiem. Jego dymisja z funkcji premiera nie zakończyła aktywności na rzecz Polski, którą prowadził na emigracji aż do śmierci w 1941 r.
EN
Ignace Jan Paderewski (1860-1941) – a world-famous pianist, composer, politician, statesman and diplomat played a significant role in shaping the reborn Polish state and its borders. He undertook active political activity during the First World War. In the years 1915-1918, he acquired the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson and his closest associates, as well as over 4 million American Polonia for the Polish cause. He gained real influence on the shaping of the territory and borders of the Polish state after taking office as the Prime Minister of the Polish Government and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This took place on January 16, 1919. Paderewski led to the recognition of the reborn Polish state in the international arena by the United States (January 30, 1919), France (February 23), Great Britain (February 25), Italy (February 27), and then other countries. He represented Poland in Paris as a delegate to the peace conference. During the several months of deliberations he fought for the incorporation into the Polish state of Eastern Galicia, Cieszyn Silesia and Upper Silesia, as well as Gdańsk together with Pomerania. He was supported in these activities by well-known Polish scholars, both historians (Szymon Askenazy, Oskar Halecki, Władysław Konopczyński) and geographers (Eugeniusz Romer). Together with Roman Dmowski, he signed at Versailles on 28 June 1919 a peace treaty ending World War I. After resigning from the post of prime minister on December 9, 1919 and leaving the country, he was still interested in Polish affairs. He returned to political activity during the Bolshevik invasion of Poland. From July 1920 to May 1921, at the request of the Polish government and the head of state Józef Piłsudski, he was a Polish delegate to international conferences and a representative at the League of Nations.
PL
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860-1941) – światowej sławy pianista, kompozytor, polityk oraz mąż stanu i dyplomata odegrał znaczącą rolę w kształtowaniu się odrodzonego państwa polskiego i jego granic. Aktywną działalność polityczną podjął w okresie pierwszej wojny światowej. W latach 1915-1918 pozyskał dla sprawy polskiej prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych, Woodrowa Wilsona i jego najbliższe otoczenie polityczne oraz ponad 4-milionową Polonię amerykańską. Realny wpływ na kształtowanie się terytorium i granic państwa polskiego zyskał po objęciu urzędu premiera polskiego rządu i ministra spraw zagranicznych, co miało miejsce 16 stycznia 1919 r. Doprowadził on do uznania odrodzonego państwa polskiego na arenie międzynarodowej przez Stany Zjednoczone (30 stycznia 1919 r.), Francję (23 lutego), Wielką Brytanię (25 lutego), Włochy (27 lutego), a następnie inne państwa. Reprezentował Polskę w Paryżu jako delegat na konferencję pokojową. W trakcie kilku miesięcy obrad walczył o włączenie do państwa polskiego Galicji Wschodniej, Śląska Cieszyńskiego i Górnego Śląska oraz Gdańska wraz z Pomorzem. Wspierali go w tych działaniach znani polscy uczeni, zarówno historycy (Szymon Askenazy, Oskar Halecki, Władysław Konopczyński), jak i geografowie (Eugeniusz Romer). Razem z Romanem Dmowskim podpisał w Wersalu w dniu 28 czerwca 1919 r. traktat pokojowy kończący I wojnę światową. Po rezygnacji z funkcji premiera w dniu 9 grudnia 1919 r. i wyjeździe z kraju, nadal interesował się sprawami polskimi. Do działalności politycznej powrócił w okresie inwazji bolszewickiej na Polskę. Od lipca 1920 r. do maja 1921 r. był na prośbę rządu polskiego i naczelnika państwa Józefa Piłsudskiego polskim delegatem na konferencje międzynarodowe oraz przedstawicielem przy Lidze Narodów.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.