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EN
Music dedication is an additional source not only of biographical curiosities or testimonies of friendship ties but also of real knowledge of composers. The French composers of the last centu-ry who were placing dedications in their organ works were guided by various reasons. The dedica-tions create a peculiar kind of map of the music in the 20th-century France. The author is analyzing the pieces in which either the concrete person is being called in the title e.g. Suite pour…, Hom-mage à…, à la memoire de…, or their names are placed in the subtitle. The aim of this paper is not a detective research of the relations that connect the composer with the addressee of dedication, though sometimes by tracking the mentioned persons one may complete or explain many biograph-ical details (just like in the organ series of e.g. Joseph Bonnet, Gaston Litaize, or Louis Vierne). Because of the great number of dedications (presented in the table provided), the author has tried to divide them into some groups and to make a classification: (1) dedications referring to the past that are the expression of the homage paid to the composers especially important for the French religious or organ music (e.g. Jean Titelouze, Girolamo Frescobaldi, Jean-Phillippe Rameau, César Franck, or Gabriel Fauré); (2) works addressed by the grateful disciples to their master, not only to the teachers of playing the organ — owing to them we can find out about the educational experience of the organists, who at that time were very often composers, too; (3) dedications reflecting the disciple-master relation, but also the one of predecessor-successor in case of the titular organists in Paris churches — it turns out to be the confirmation of the “organist to organist” relation and the relation of friendship, as well; (4) wish to commemorate the organist having died prematurely (e.g. Jehan Alain or Jean-Claude Touche); (5) works offered as a gift to the personages from the circle of the art and culture creators (organ masters, music critics, poets), as well as to the very closest persons among the friends and family.
EN
The article concerns the late works by Claude Debussy – three of Six sonates pour instruments divers (the only three he had finished before his death). The analysis, particularly analysis of their form, is the main topic of this paper. The author considers the form of the sonatas in the context of the political and sociological tendency to return to the “real” French music. This idea, very popular in France in the late 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, could have had some impact on Debussy’s last works. The aim of this paper is to describe the influence of these tendencies on the form of Debussy’s sonatas and to prove that they imposed the change of his creative attitude.
PL
Artykuł oscyluje wokół problematyki późnych dzieł C. Debussy’ego – trzech z zaplanowanych Sześciu sonat na różne instrumenty, które udało mu się dokończyć przed śmiercią. Głównym celem jest analiza układu formalnego, jaki zastosował w nich kompozytor. Rozwiązania formalne ujęte zostały w kontekście polityczno-społecznym Francji XIX/XX w., przesyconym nacjonalistycznymi poglądami na sztukę muzyczną. Tendencje te wywarły bowiem silny wpływ na kształt późnej twórczości Debussy’ego. Artykuł opisuje i charakteryzuje ten wpływ oraz dowodzi, iż ówczesna sytuacja społeczna zmieniła podejście kompozytora do procesu twórczego.
EN
This article concerns the performance practice of harpsichord-playing in 18th century France. The starting-point for reflection is anonymous manuscript ‘Traité d’accompagnement du clavecin et abrégé de composition’ (ca.1700) written in the times when the French harpsichordists and organists begin to open up to the style of keyboard playing developed in 17th century Italy. In this manuscript we can find the explanation of the system of abbreviation utilized to mark chordal relationships and the remarks on harpsichord ‘accompaniment’, ie the rules of playing a multi-voice harpsichord part based on the marks written above the bass line (the so-called ‘basse continuë’).
PL
Artykuł przedstawia treść anonimowego rękopisu Traité d’accompagnement du clavecin et abrégé de composition z XVII/XVIII w. Spisano go w czasach, w których francuscy klawesyniści i organiści zaczęli się otwierać na stylistykę gry wypracowaną w XVII-wiecznej Italii. W rękopisie odnaleźć można szereg uwag dotyczących zasad akompaniamentu na instrumentach klawiszowych, czyli realizacji wielogłosowej partii klawesynowej lub organowej w oparciu o umieszczone nad linią basu cyfry (tzw. basse continuë).
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