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1

What Explains the Size of Sovereign Wealth Funds?

100%
Ficova A., Sipko J.
Creative and Knowledge Society
|
2014
|
vol. 4
|
issue 1
EN
Reasons for the rapid appearance and growth of SWFs is contributed by increase in oil prices and the accumulation of large balance-of-payments surpluses. Purpose of the article is to investigate size of observed Sovereign Wealth Funds in 2013. Moreover, to describe what explain differences in the size of SWFs, on the other hand what determines the amount of foreign exchange reserves. Is the size of observed funds closely related to rate of growth of the countries? Is return of observed funds is closely related to fund value bn USD, GDP growth (annual %) and inflation rate of the country? Methodology/methods deployed in this paper has been done illustrations by using available data from official websites of funds, Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, International Monetary Fund, CIA The World Factbook and author’s calculations due the fact that most of funds do not provide data to the public. In addition to this, we present the estimations by using regression analysis, transferring observed data using the least squares method, The two-sample t-test for mean value, ANOVA, TINV. Scientific aim is to examine whether AUM of SWFs, moreover the size of 14 observed funds is closely related to rate of growth of the countries at 90 percent of probability. Second, if return of 14 observed funds is closely related to fund value bn USD, GDP growth (annual %) and inflation rate of the country at 95 percent of probability. Third, if there are significant differences between return in 2010 and 2013. Findings indicates that paper came to the conclusion that the return of 14 observed funds is closely related to fund value bn USD, GDP growth (annual %) and inflation rate of the country at 95 percent of probability. Furthermore, there are significant differences between return in 2010 and 2013. Conclusions (limits, implications etc) pointed out that the influence of SWFs has become undeniable, with total assets topping 6,585tn USD in June 2014, these investors have reached a size comparable to that of the entire alternative assets industry.
2

Construction Of Hedonic Price Index For The “Most Liquid” Polish Painters

100%
Kompa K., Witkowska D.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 2
76-100
EN
Art market has been developing in Poland and the first Art Fund was established in 2011. Therefore it seems that investment in art can be considered as alternative form by Polish investors. In order to decide whether art is a good investment, it is necessary to evaluate expected returns which might be obtained from such investment thus an art price index should be developed. The aim of the paper is to discuss artworks as investment assets and evaluate price index of paintings produced by 11 Polish artists whose artworks were traded the most often on auctions that were held in Poland in the years 2007–2010. In our research, employing data concerning 750 objects, we apply the hedonic index methodology to estimate returns from the paintings market. The results of our investigation show that hedonic quality adjustment essentially influences evaluation of artwork prices therefore we propose the aggregated hedonic index which might better describe situation at the art market than the hedonic index biased by the specification of a single model.
3
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Liquidity of bitcoin – insights from Polish and global markets

94%
Włosik K.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
|
2019
|
vol. 81
|
issue 3
167-183
PL
Bitcoinem można obracać na wielu różnych platformach, wykorzystując do tego inne kryptowaluty, jak również waluty tradycyjne. Niemniej jego rzeczywista wymienialność może być ograniczona przez płynność rynku. Głównym celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie i porównanie wybranych giełd kryptowalut pod względem płynności. W tym celu przeanalizowano cztery platformy, które odznaczają się wysokim wolumenem obrotu: Kraken, Bitstamp, BitFlyer i BTCBOX, a także dwa małe podmioty umożliwiające handel w polskim złotym: BitBay i BitMarket. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie rynków pod względem liczby zawartych transakcji, średniego czasu pomiędzy kolejnymi transakcjami czy rozkładu wolumenu obrotu w ciągu dnia. Ponadto przeanalizowano zmiany w czasie miary płynności – ILLIQ. Wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że platforma, która znajduje się wśród globalnych liderów w obrocie bitcoinem w danej walucie tradycyjnej, może być postrzegana jako podmiot mały, jeśli zostanie wzięty pod uwagę obrót w innej walucie tradycyjnej. Ponadto najbardziej popularne platformy umożliwiające wymianę bitcoina na polskiego złotego, czyli BitBay i BitMarket, mogą być uznane za rynki lokalne. Są one głównie wykorzystywane do handlu w złotym. W przypadku obrotu bitcoinem w innych walutach tradycyjnych cechuje je bardzo niska płynność. Czynniki takie jak home bias, możliwość handlu bitcoinem w mniej popularnej walucie tradycyjnej (w porównaniu ze światowymi walutami rezerwowymi) oraz interfejs użytkownika w języku polskim mogą dawać pewną przewagę konkurencyjną tym platformom.
EN
Bitcoin can be exchanged for other cryptocurrencies as well as for fiat currencies on many different platforms. Nevertheless, its real convertibility may be limited by market liquidity. The main aim of this article is to characterize and compare big and small bitcoin markets in terms of liquidity. I examine four platforms with high trade volume: Kraken, Bitstamp, BitFlyer and BTCBOX, as well as small entities which enable bitcoin to be traded in Polish zloty: BitBay and BitMarket. I compare the number of trades and the time between trades on selected bitcoin markets, determine the volume distribution throughout the day and analyse the dynamics of Amihud’s illiquidity measure – ILLIQ. I find that an exchange which is among the global leaders in terms of trading bitcoin in a particular traditional currency can be considered a smaller market in terms of trade volume in another traditional currency. Moreover, the results imply that BitBay and BitMarket can be perceived as local markets. They are mainly used for trading in Polish zloty, and are illiquid in terms of trading in the remaining traditional currencies. Home bias, the fact that they offer a possibility of trading in a less popular currency (in comparison to the world reserve currencies), and that have their interface in Polish, may give these platforms a competitive advantage.
4
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Rynek Neuer Markt: droga od sukcesu do porażki

84%
Woś S., Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Ekonomia Międzynarodowa
|
2015
|
vol. 011
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie niemieckiego rynku NeuerMarkt, jego struktury, dynamicznego rozwoju w latach 1997–2003 oraz głównych przyczyn upadku. Analizie poddano ramy prawne funkcjonowania rynku, indeksy giełdowe, główne kryteria dopuszczania akcji do obrotu, a także wybrane obowiązki informacyjne ciążące na emitentach. Do źródeł porażki niemieckiego alternatywnego systemu obrotu zalicza się pęknięcie tzw. bańki internetowej, które doprowadziło do spadku cen akcji. Do upadku przyczyniły się również liczne skandale i bankructwa notowanych na giełdzie spółek, a także zaostrzenie przez Deutsche Börse AG kryteriów wejścia na rynek. Przeprowadzone obserwacje mogą zostać wykorzystane podczas analizy innych alternatywnych systemów obrotu, np. polskiego rynku NewConnect.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the functioning of NeuerMarkt and the main factors and reasons of the fall of the German NeuerMarkt. It characterizes the German stock exchange market during 1997–2003. The objective has been achieved with the analysis of the Neuer Markt legal framework, IPO emission requirements, selected (informational) statements demanded from issuers, delisting procedures, and a study of stock indexes. Furthermore Neuer Markt has been evaluated in cross reference with dynamic growth, downward phases and market structure. The main reason behind the termination of the Neuer Markt is theburst of the Internet bubble which contributed to the drastic drop in market share prices. Moreover, scandals around cited companies and tightened entry criteria implemented by the Deutsche Börse had a negative influence on the NeuerMarkt situation. Observations noted in the research can be used in analysis of the alternative markets’ current situation, e.g. the Polish alternative market NewConnect. The article presents the main errors and oversights made during the operation of the functioning which contributed to its fall in 2003. Research of foreign literature, press articles and the Frankfurt Stock Börse publications has been applied.
5

What Kind Of Systemic Risks Do We Face In The European Banking Sector? The Approach Of CoVaR Measure

84%
Karkowska R.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
|
2014
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
114-124
EN
We measure a systemic risk faced by European banking sectors using the CoVaR measure. We propose the conditional value-at-risk for measuring a spillover risk which demonstrates the bilateral relation between the tail risks of two financial institutions. The aim of the study is to estimate the contribution systemic risk of the bank i in the analyzed banking sector of a country in conditions of its insolvency. The study included commercial banks from 8 emerging markets from Europe, which gave a total of 40 banks, traded on the public market, which provided a market valuation of the bank’s capital. The conclusions are that the CoVaR seems to be a better measure for systemic risk in the banking sector than the VaR, which is more individual. And banks in developing countries in Europe do not provide significant risk for the banking sector as a whole. But it must be taken into account that some individuals that may find objectionable. Our results hence tend to a practical use of the CoVaR for supervisory purposes.
6

Behavioural Present Value Defined as Fuzzy Number – a New Approach

84%
Piasecki K., Siwek J.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
|
2015
|
vol. 15
|
issue 2
27-41
EN
The behavioural present value is defined as a fuzzy number assessed under the impact of chosen behavioural factors. The first formal model turned out to be burdened with some formal defects which are finally corrected in the presented article. In this way a new modified formal model of a behavioural present value is obtained. New model of the behavioural present value is used to explain the phenomenon of market equilibrium on the efficient financial market remaining in the state of financial imbalance. These considerations are illustrated by means of extensive numerical case study.
7

Residential Real Estate in Europe: An Exploration of Common Risk Factors

67%
Druica E., Valsan C., Ianole R.
Review of Economic Perspectives
|
2015
|
vol. 15
|
issue 4
413-429
EN
We conduct an exploratory analysis using proxy measures of cross-sectional returns and rental yields in residential real estate. Asset pricing models predict that expected returns should exhibit some sensitivity to one or several fundamental variables that represent a common source of undiversifiable risk. Residential real estate, just like works of art and collectibles, is unique because it represents both an investment vehicle and a durable consumption good. Its pricing and returns should thus reflect both the benefits from portfolio diversification and the effect of supply and demand. In this paper, we investigate the variation in proxy returns and proxy rental yields across 34 major European cities, using a handful of independent variables that should account for the influence of market risk, inflation, and liquidity. In spite of obvious limitations stemming from our sample, we find that the explanatory power of our model is unusually high for a cross-sectional data analysis. Some of our findings concur with other studies showing that in spite of strong segmentation, real estate markets respond to the same structural risk factors. A good portion of our results, however, is hard to explain and interpret. Either we need to take into account cultural differences between Eastern and Western Europe as part of a behavioral approach, or we have to concede that we have been misled by the mismatch in the level of aggregation and the crude estimation of the dependent variables.
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