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IMAGINATIONEN DES CHINESISCHEN GARTENS IN DER DEUTSCHEN LITERATURE DES 18. JAHRHUNDERTS

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Klawitter A.

World Literature Studies

2015

vol. 7 (24)

issue 1

33 – 46

The article examines the representation of the Chinese garden in 18th century German literature. The idea of the Chinese garden was introduced first by William Chambers in England, therefore these gardens were known in Europe as “Anglo-Chinese gardens”. Chamber ś treatises Designs of Chinese Building (1757) and Dissertation on Oriental gardening (1772) have drawn quite widespread attention among scholars. In Germany it was Ludwig August Unzer who discussed first Chamber´s ideas, however, the well-known German professor and gardening theorist Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld, author of the popular book Theorie der Gartenkunst, holds a different view about Chambers and revealed his doubts about the existence of Chinese gardens. It took almost forty years before Christian August Semler made comparative study between Chinese and European aesthetics, revising Hirschfeld ś thoughts.

Przedmieście Świdnickie we Wrocławiu w świetle badań wykopaliskowych) na posesjach przy ulicach Józefa Piłsudskiego 69-73, Komandorskiej 5-11 i Wojciecha Bogusławskiego 16

100%

Konczewski P., Lasota C., Piekalski J.

Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

2011

vol. 53

305-323

I. Introduction The report reviews the results of a rescue excavation made in advance of development planned between Piłsudskiego, Komandorska and Bogusławskiego streets, Wrocław, in plots recorded under archival numbers indicated in the title. The area of the investigation lies in the medieval and early modern district of Schweidnitzer Vorstadt (Świdnica suburb) to the south of Breslau/Wroclaw. The oldest references to Schweidnitzer Anger (Świdnica Common) date from the time of the charter agreement of 1261. The town commune acquired a broad tract of pastureland, immediately south of the city moat. After 1309 the city records contain references to “the Green”, or “the Common”, and, starting from 1312, to gardens in this area. Barthel Stein’s Descriptio from the early 16th c. mentions gardens, which were accompanied by homesteads inhabited by gardeners. The gardens lay south of a road which ran parallel to the city walls, the future Gartenstrasse (Garden Street) – now, Józefa Piłsudskiego St. By the end of the medieval period the area had developed a special group of suburban population, referred to as Kräuter, or, “Krauts”. In the early modern period they were distinguished by their distinctive costume and also, their dialect. During the Napoleonic Wars the decision was taken to pull down the city walls which in the earlier period had obstructed urban expansion to the city suburbs. In the first half of the 19th c. the Świdnica suburb became a district of Breslau. II. Land use and changes in build-up as documented by rescue excavation results In the area of investigation the uppermost level of the natural soil consists of various grades of sand, gravel and clay, recorded as stratigraphic unit, or context 46. This formation rested at the level respectively of, 116.70 m and 117 m above the sea level, in the N and S area of the trench; this corresponds to the natural south-to-north slope of the land which descends towards the lower terraces of the Odra R. Another natural feature observed in the area of the investigation is a fairly thick overlying layer of soil, built of fertile Odra fen soil. This rich soil was accompanied by a rather high level of groundwater, responsible for a good level of moisture in the humus. This may be treated as confirmation that the studied area was suitable for suburban gardens. Phase I – Late medieval period Gardening activity in the area of the investigation is confirmed by the presence of an artificial ditch dug to control the level of moisture in the soil. It ran roughly parallel to the Gartenstrasse at a distance of about 9 m from the present-day edge of the pavement. The depth and width of the ditch were respectively, around 1.10 m and 1.60 m. Its banks had been shored with piles driven into the ground on both sides of the ditch. The ditch was in use and gradually silted up during the 15th century and the first decades of the 16th. Human activity during the late medieval period is documented also by finds of pottery fragments which occurred outside the ditch, in the upper level of the soil as well as in other younger layers and archaeological features. Phase II – 16th and 1st half of 17th century The 16th and the first half of the 17th century were a period of intensifying use of the area while its earlier use was sustained. We found evidence on suburban gardening and also on some rare instances of timber build-up which are documented by a series of archaeological features. These cluster in the northern fragment of the investigated area, that is, in the zone of the Gartenstrasse. In the area of the future plot 73 in Gartenstrasse/1Neudorfstrasse, a well was dug to the depth of more than 5.60 m. Its timber frame survived in its lower reaches. Identified within property at 71 Gartenstrasse was context (stratigraphic unit) 58, interpreted as the remains of a cask dug into the ground. In its horizontal plan this feature had the form of a sub-circular pit, up to 80 cm in diameter. Its surviving depth was 44 cm. In the neighbouring plot at 69 Gartenstrasse, phase II was represented by a layer of packed clay. Its location and nature indicate that this could be the remains of a packed clay floor of a timber building. Use of the area during the 16th c. is documented also by a sizable series of finds of pottery vessel and stove tile fragments. Phase III – 18th – first half of 19th century No. 69 Józefa Piłsudskiego St./Gartenstrasse The oldest feature in the plot dating from this phase is a lightweight timber structure supported on posts, interpreted as an outbuilding. Its place was soon taken by a masonry building – context (stratigraphic unit) 33 – documented by surviving fragments of a brick foundation. Moreover, an outbuilding was raised at the back of the plot. A number of pits of obscure function were also discovered in the yard of the plot. No. 71 Józefa Piłsudskiego St./Gartenstrasse A number of features discovered in the yard of this plot were dated to the phase of interest. They include pits of diverse form, some backfilled with rubble from destroyed half-timbered frame buildings having walls built of wood and clay (Fachwerk). Other features were interpreted as traces of posts driven into the ground. No. 73 Ogrodowa St. /1 Komandorska St. (Gartenstrasse/Neudorfstrasse) During the 18th c. a masonry building was constructed on the corner of the two streets. It survived as fragments of the foundations of the S and W walls and of partition walls. Its length, measured E-W and N-S, was respectively, over 16 and 8.3 m. No. 3 Komandorska St./Neudorfstrasse The area of this plot yielded no relics associated with phase III. No. 5 Komandorska St./Neudorfstrasse Investigation of this plot identified relics of timber posted buildings. At a distance of between 9 and 14 m from today’s upper end of the plot we detected context (stratigraphic unit) 140 – a complex of postholes marking a fragment of the plan of a posted building having the length of at 5.50 m. At a distance of 4 m to the west were discovered traces of another posted building, recorded as context (stratigraphic unit) 13 A-E. In this case, five posts defined the plan of a building aligned WE, with a length of at least 5.50 m and a width of at least 3 m. One more posted building was identified at a distance of 35.50 m from the upper boundary of the plot. The length of this structure was approx. 4.90 m, its width, approx. 4 m. Finally, there were also a number of archaeological features of an undetermined purpose. No. 7 Komandorska St./Neudorfstrasse No buildings datable to phase III were identified in the area of the future no. 7 Neudorfstrasse. Its occupation during this phase is documented by a series of sunken features. Their function is hard to determine, their forms diverse and irregular. Interspersed among them were pits backfilled with humus, perhaps associated with bulk storage of root vegetables. No. 9 Komandorska St./Neudorfstrasse During this period the plot had no permanent buildings. Its use as a backyard is documented by the presence of two approximately rectangular features with a flat bottom, useful for storing vegetables. No. Komandorska St./no. 18 Wojciecha Bogusławskiego St. (Neudorfstrasse / Springerstrasse) The nature of features associated with phase III indicates that the area of this plot was used as a backyard of an intensively managed northern zone of the investigated area. At a distance of 115.20 m from Komandorska street (Neudorfstrasse), in the N area of the future plot, we identified a lime-slaking pit. Also investigated here were several pits of an obscure function. No. 17 Wojciecha Bogusławskiego St./Springerstrasse Significant for the character of this plot was context (stratigraphic unit) 131 – a rectangular 5.80 × 6.60 m feature. Its regular form suggests that it may be the relics of a cellar of a timber outbuilding. Also notable is context (stratigraphic unit) 125 – discovered 7.80 m from today’s Bogusławskiego St., an irregular pit with a 5.20 × 6.80 m plan. Next to these, in the area of the future property no. 17 were discovered a few smaller features which possibly also belong in the same phase, judging by their stratigraphic position and the nature of the recovered archaeological material. No. 16 Wojciecha Bogusławskiego St./Springerstrasse The area of the later property was used during the described phase for economic purposes. At a distance of 13.50 m from Bogusławskiego St., on the boundary of plots no. 15 and 16, was uncovered a pit for slaking lime – context (stratigraphic unit) 88, divided internally into two chambers. At the same time, the purpose of a small pit discovered to the east of the lime pit and recorded as context (stratigraphic unit) 115, is unclear. No. 15 Wojciecha Bogusławskiego St./Springerstrasse The main feature identified at the upper end of this plot was an arrangement of postholes, interpreted as a supporting structure of E wall of an outbuilding (context/ stratigraphic unit 134). Moving away from Bogusławskiego St., the investigation identified context/stratigraphic unit 89 – a shallow pit, rectangular in plan, at least 1.80 (NS) × approx. 2 m, of obscure function; there were also two poorly preserved lime-slaking pits - (context/stratigraphic unit 91 and 138). Phase IV – second half of 19th-20th c. The latter half of the 19th c. was a period of intensive demographic and territorial growth of Breslau, now freed from the constraint of its city walls. The investment boom linked with a rapid industrialisation affected also the area under investigation; a major development which contributed to the change in its character was construction of the Main Station (of the Upper Silesian Railway). Gartenstrasse was upgraded from a suburban road to the rank of a city street. The breaking up of the large garden plots into smaller ones resulted in property divisions which survived until 1945. This development went hand in hand with construction of town houses in a compact layout and a gradual closing off of the street frontages, also in the district under investigation. While investigating the remains of buildings it was found that their construction, which gave rise to sections of frontages along Gartenstrasse, Neudorfstrasse and Springerstrasse was a gradual process. Plans of Breslau from 1865 and 1873 show that an older group of town houses were built in plots 69-73 in Gartenstrasse and 1-5 in Neudorfstrasse. According to the investigated remains of town houses, the corner property no. 73 Gartenstrasse / 1 Komandorska had added to it in succession, nos. 71 and 69. The building at no. 3 Neudorfstrasse filled a gap between a corner building, which also filled the frontage of no. 5 Neudorfstrasse. A younger group of town houses included, in chronological order, nos. 7, 9 in Neudorfstrasse and four buildings, including one on the corner, all built during the same period: no. 11 Neudorfstrasse, nos. 15-18 Springerstrasse. The houses at no. 7, 9 Neudorfstrasse, date from before 1882, as revealed by a surviving plan of the water and sewage systems made for the latter property. The upper time limit for the construction of the four houses built during the same period is designated by a map of Breslau from 1891 which shows them. Changes made to the build-up of plots with town houses from the front involved modernisation made to these buildings. There was rebuilding of premises housing commerce and services in basements and recessed ground floors of the town houses. Some of the buildings were provided with a basement under a part of their premises. The water supply and sewage systems were expanded, occasionally, with some changes made to the fittings.

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1 World Literature Studies

1 Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

1 Klawitter A.

1 Konczewski P.

1 Lasota C.

1 Piekalski J.

1 2015

1 2011

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IMAGINATIONEN DES CHINESISCHEN GARTENS IN DER DEUTSCHEN LITERATURE DES 18. JAHRHUNDERTS

Przedmieście Świdnickie we Wrocławiu w świetle badań wykopaliskowych) na posesjach przy ulicach Józefa Piłsudskiego 69-73, Komandorskiej 5-11 i Wojciecha Bogusławskiego 16