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1

AFFECTIVE TRAITS AND QUALITY OF LIFE: GENDER DIFFERENCES

100%
Trzebinska E.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2005
|
vol. 13
15-31
EN
This article presents four studies aimed to search for gender differences in relationships between positive affective traits (virtues) and quality of life. The subjects were 360 individuals (129 men and 231 women). Self-report measures were used to assess the affective traits (gratitude, love, hope, spirituality and humility) and several dimensions of quality of life (life satisfaction, psychopathology, forgiveness, willingness to help and willingness to protect values). The results show that affective traits have different impact on quality of life in men and women. Love and hope are most beneficial among all traits considered for both men and women, but in men their significance is limited. Gratitude is good for willingness to help in men and women, but in men could be harmful for mental health. Spirituality is important only for women: is beneficial for forgiveness but harmful for mental health. Humility is important only for women and is bad for both mental health and willingness to help.
2

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RELATION BETWEEN CHILD'S ATTACHMENT TO SCHOOL TEACHERS AND HIS/HER SELF-PERCEPTION

100%
Cugmas Z.
Studia Psychologica
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2007
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vol. 49
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issue 1
63-80
EN
This study examined the connection between child-teacher attachment and children's self-perceptions, separately for boys and girls, in a sample of 120 first- and second-graders. The children's self-perception was measured using the Scale of self-perception for school children (SPSC; Cugmas, 2002). Types of child's attachment were determined on the basis of the evaluations the teachers gave on the Scale of child's attachment to his/her teacher (CAT). Significant, albeit modest, connections between attachment to school-teachers and the self-perceptions were established. Many significant gender differences exist in children's self-perceptions, attachment to their teachers, and in relation between their self-perceptions and attachment.
3

OBSERVATION OF DRIVER EXPRESSION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

100%
Jelenova I.
Studia Psychologica
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2006
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vol. 48
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issue 4
293-301
EN
The present study examined the relationship between a drivers' age and a gender, a vehicle status and a traffic density and an aggressive driving behavior. We analyze the results of the observations conducted at four intersections during a total of 24 hours. We observed three types of behavior: short horn honking, long horn honking, inappropriate and the sudden lane changes and cutting in front of the other drivers. The gender differences in occurrence of the observed types of an aggressive behavior were not noticed. The younger drivers appeared to have a greater tendency toward aggressive driving behavior than the older ones. The vehicle status is associated with a frequency of the observed aggressive acts. An analysis of the relation between the number of the vehicles on the road and an aggressive driver behavior did not show any evident increase in an aggressive behavior with the increased traffic congestion.
4

Men and women in employment. Gender roles at work

100%
Nguyen L. L. A.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2005
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vol. 60
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issue 1/2
111-134
EN
Gender segregation, gender differences in payment and the scarcity of female leaders in the upper level management are still great issues despite the slow but apparent improvement of the career opportunities of females. Reviewing relevant research and theory, the study aims to reveal possible explanations for gender inequalities in the job market and to evaluate strategies for change. Actual or alleged gender differences, gender stereotypes and gender role expectations as well as structural, organizational factors and their interactions are considered. Together, these factors can lead to gender segregation, the glass ceiling and glass wall phenomena. Emphasis is put on those challenges women leaders have to face at a greater extent than men: they have to find the delicate balance between family and workplace as well as the contradicting requirements of the female gender role on one hand and the leader role on the other hand. The relation of gender and status and power has a significant role in this analysis.
5

CORRELATES OF SOCIAL AND ABSTRACT INTELLIGENCE

100%
Makovska Z., Kentos M.
Studia Psychologica
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2006
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vol. 48
|
issue 3
259-264
EN
A sample was created by 220 children attending the 9th grade of Czech and Slovak elementary schools, to whom the methods for the classic and social intelligence measurement were administrated. We measured the classical intelligence via TIP (Test of Intellect Potential; Rican, 1971). The 21-items scale - TSIS (Tromso Social Intelligence Scale; Silvera, Martinussen, Dahl, 1999), consisting of three factors: Social Information Processing, Social Skills and Social Awareness, was used to measure the social intelligence. The results obtained show satisfactory reliability of the Tromso scale. The correlation analysis yielded the significant relations between the measurements of social and abstract intelligence, mainly in the Social Awareness dimension. Significant differences in measures of social intelligence, with regard to gender, are probably determined by the specific age structure of the sample.
6

Gender differences in competition between friends

100%
F-Lassu Z.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2004
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vol. 59
|
issue 4
493-519
EN
The purpose of our research was to study gender differences in competition between friends among young Hungarian adults. We were asked 345 college and university students - 161 men and 184 women - for their opinions related to rivalry between same-sex friends, and for their own behavioural intentions in different competitive situations. In order to achieve our goal we have developed a questionnaire based on our own method. The questionnaire contained six situations where friends could compete with each other for different purposes. These purposes were: sexual partner, material goods, intellectual superiority, sport achievement, social acceptance and career opportunity. In each situation subjects were asked to assess reactions given by the investigators as to how much they accept them, how likely they think other people could choose them as possible behaviour and to choose one reaction which is appropriate for them. Results unequivocally confirm the theories which consider competition a very important and sometimes unavoidable factor in the friendship of persons of the same gender. The quality of the competition appearing in different situations is determined by many factors. An important factor is the person's gender, which in most cases influenced the different answers in interaction with the situational and personality factors, for example the person's disposition to competition. Our results show the peculiarity of the difference between the competition of men and women. We have not found any certain proof of the common theory that women see representatives of their own sex as being more competitive than men, and that women do not undertake competition openly in their behaviour. The results reflect the interactive influence of gender and other factors, an interaction in which the influence of the person's gender has a dynamically changing direction and intensity.
7

THE FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN RELATION TO CREATIVE THINKING OF ADOLESCENTS

100%
Szobiova E.
Studia Psychologica
|
2006
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vol. 48
|
issue 3
241-249
EN
The study presents the creative personality profile from the point of view of five personality dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) in relation to creative thinking of the adolescents, namely of the gender differences. For the creativity identification use was made of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. To measure the personality dimensions, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa, McCrae, 1989) was applied to a sample of 370 adolescents (196 boys and 174 girls, mean age 18 years). This research has yielded several remarkable results. We found the significant differences between the girls and boys in neuroticism and openness.
8

INTERDEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT SELF - CONSTRUAL: ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SELF SCHEMA

100%
Gluchowska A.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
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vol. 45
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issue 3
5-14
EN
The article concerns gender differences in self schema. In general, women are thought to construct and maintain self-knowledge in relation to the cognitive representation of the social environment (Interdependent self-construal), whereas men are thought to construct and maintain self-knowledge independent from it (Independent self-construal). Undertaken studies aimed at investigating if there were any gender differences in the level of connection between self schema and schemas related to other people (We or Others). Four studies were conducted. Gathered data was coming from Social Perception Questionnaire (Study 1 and Study 2) or Estimation of Distance Test (Study 3 and Study 4). Both allows for indirect, non-declarative measuring of the Self-Construal and its connections with cognitive representations of social environment, thus that the influence of gender stereotype was mineralized. Auto-replication of gathered data shows that results are not incidental, which strengthens formulate conclusion. Results show significantly higher level of connection between self-knowledge and cognitive representation of the social environment among women than men, but observed interdependence of women's self schema relates mainly to the closest people (We). Obtained data seem to indicate that Interdependent Self Construal is more typical for women and Independent Self Construal more characteristic for men.
9
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Rozdíly ve vědomostech a dovednostech českých chlapců a děvčat na základě zjištění mezinárodních výzkumů

100%
Potuznikova E., Strakova J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 4
701-717
EN
In the last ten years, the Czech Republic participated in numerous international comparative studies measuring knowledge and skills of school children in various subject areas. The studies have brought a lot of notable information on gender differences in student outcomes. Unfortunately, these findings met very limited attention of the Czech society and educational policymakers. The aim of this article is to summarize key findings about gender differences in the areas of reading, mathematics and science and to show the relationships between student results and their educational aspirations and attitudes.
10
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Vajíčko, spermie, zkumavka… a gender. Postoje českých žen a mužů k asistované reprodukci a adoptivnímu rodičovství

100%
Slepickova L.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2007
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vol. 8
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issue 2
68-75
EN
Reproductive medicine is one of the most progressive and most popular medicine branches. Its success and rapid development, together with the primacy of biological or genetic ties in the western construction of family is considered the main reason for decreasing popularity of adoption as the way of resolving involuntary childlessness. These assumptions are confronted with empirical findings about Czech population. The respondents of the survey conducted in the Czech households were asked about their preferences in the hypothetical situation of being confronted with physical infertility and about their attitudes towards various ways of solving it. The data showed that while infertility is actually constructed as a medical problem requiring high technology medical treatments, the adoption would not be considered a choice of last resort, after the failure of all procedures of artificial reproduction, including using donor gametes or embryo. Further, the data does not support the hypothesis of significant gender differences in these attitudes.
11

ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS: AN INVESTIGATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

100%
Aziz M.
Studia Psychologica
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2007
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vol. 49
|
issue 1
53-61
EN
An important aspect of organization that integrates an individual with the organization is the role assigned to him/her within the overall structure of the organization. It is through role that an individual interacts and gets integrated with the system. The study uses a descriptive research design. The instrument used for collecting data is 'Organizational Role Stress Scale' (ORS Scale). The ORS scale is a comprehensive tool to elicit data about the different role stressors afflicting a respondent. It covers a range of the stressors that may be experienced by an occupational group. The study finds the similar level of stress for male and female employees on the overall organizational role stress. However, on individual stressors, statistically significant differences have been reported on the basis of gender and marital status.
12

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF SELF-CONCEPT: ARE THE SELF-CONCEPTIONS ABOUT PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS REALLY MORE IMPORTANT FOR WOMEN'S SELF-ESTEEM?

88%
Avsec A.
Studia Psychologica
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2006
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vol. 48
|
issue 1
31-43
EN
A study was conducted to determine gender differences in the relation between self-esteem and body image. We hypothesized stronger connections between self-conceptions of physical attractiveness and self-esteem for women and consequently important gender differences in the structure of the self. For the purpose of this study 402 students completed three measures of self-concept and self-esteem. Exploratory factor analyses revealed important gender differences: in the women's sample, two physical appearance scales loaded on the first factor alongside three measures of general self, whereas in men, these two scales formed a separate factor together with two scales measuring physical ability or instrumental function of the body. The results are in accordance with the evolutionary theory and societal value placed on women's attractiveness.
13

CHILD AND EARLY ADOLESCENT PERSONALITY: ITS STRUCTURE, AGE TRENDS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

88%
Zupancic M., Gril A., Kavcic T.
Studia Psychologica
|
2006
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vol. 48
|
issue 4
311-332
EN
The Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003), a recently developed age- and culture-decentralized assessment tool based on the parental free descriptions, was administered to 1043 mothers of children and adolescents aged from 2 to 14 years. The principal component analysis of 15 mid-level personality traits resulted in five robust domains interpreted as conscientiousness, extraversion, disagreeableness, openness/intellect and neuroticism. The trait-scales and the five components were internally reliable across the five age-groups, toddlerhood, early, middle and late childhood, and the early adolescence. The small age and the gender effects on the component- and trait-scores suggested an age decline in disagreeableness, mostly due to decreases in antagonism and strong will, while an inconsistent age effect was obtained with respect to openness/intellect. The girls were rated slightly higher in the conscientiousness than were boys, who were, in turn, attributed somewhat the higher levels of neuroticism in comparison to the girls. At the trait level, compliance increased with the age and the inconsistent age differences were revealed for the activity. The girls were ascribed some more achievement orientation, compliance and organization in comparison to the boys who were assessed as more antagonistic, active, distractible and fearful/insecure. .
14

ULTIMATUM GAME WITH ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION: A STUDY OF DECEPTION AND FAIRNESS

88%
Veselý Š.
Studia Psychologica
|
2014
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vol. 56
|
issue 1
53 – 66
EN
The task of the experiment is reported here to examine decision making in ultimatum games with symmetric and asymmetric information. In the asymmetric information condition, subjects (n = 134) were given an opportunity to deceive their playing partner. The author found that participants indeed deceived their partners, specifically: While subjects were given on average 108.06 (probabilistic) CZK (Czech Koruna) to divide among themselves and their partner, in the asymmetric condition they reported to their partner that they were given 59.05 CZK only. Subsequently, they allocated only 30.19 CZK to their partner in the asymmetric information ultimatum game, whereas in the symmetric information game, where deception was not possible, they allocated 48.65 CZK. The larger the surplus to be divided, the more deception was present. Women deceived significantly more than men and allocated less money to their partner in the asymmetric information ultimatum game (the effect size of gender was small, though).
15

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON CUSTOMER BEHAVIOUR

88%
Melnyk V.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
|
vol. 4 (54)
58-63
EN
This article develops a theoretical framework for the effects of gender on customer behaviour. The article contrasts recent findings from multiple streams of literature, in particular, psychology, marketing and sociology, to develop a conceptual framework for the influence of gender on multiple areas of customer behaviour (e.g., customer decision making, customer loyalty, response to the advertising). Direction for the future research and managerial implications are discussed.
16

STEREOTYPES CONCERNS AND DISCREET EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN RISK-AVERSION – A REPLICATION STUDY

75%
Adamus M., Grežo M., Dudeková K.
Studia Psychologica
|
2021
|
vol. 63
|
issue 3
221 – 251
EN
The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation between individuals’ sex, their risk attitudes and stereotype threat (Carr & Steele, 2010). The authors reported that differences between men and women in risk aversion emerged only after activating negative stereotypes about women’s performance in mathematics. A total of 321 Slovaks, whose are randomly assigned to control or experimental treatments, answered questions on their risk aversion, anxiety, analytical reasoning and gender self-concept. We expected to observe differences between men and women only after activating stereotypes. Aware of the issues with the consistency of different risk aversion measures, we investigated whether the effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion differs across three different risk aversion measures. Additionally, we explored whether this effect depends on how the stereotype threat is activated (explicit vs. implicit activation). Finally, to explain the mechanism through which stereotypes foster women’s risk aversion, we explored the moderating effect of gender self-concept and mediating effects of anxiety and analytical reasoning on the relationship between stereotype threat and risk aversion. In general, the study found no differences between men and women in risk aversion and did not replicate the original effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion.
17

DO MEN CONFORM MORE THAN WOMEN IN THE RECOGNITION AND LABELLING OF EMOTIONS?

75%
Procházka J., Laugnerová M., Dočekalová S., Hlaváčková A., Morháčová V., Nešporová K., Ježek S., Vaculík M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2016
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vol. 58
|
issue 4
251 - 258
EN
The study focuses on differences between women and men in recognizing negative emotions from facial expressions and the conformity of women and men while labelling the emotions. Previous research has indicated that women conform more than men when the stimuli used are more comprehensible for men. This research seeks to establish whether this phenomenon can be observed when the stimuli are more comprehensible to women. In this study, 24 women and 25 men labelled the facial expressions of negative emotions, first in private and subsequently in a group with four confederates. In private, women were more successful than men in recognizing facial expressions. However, no differences were observed between women and men in respect to conformity while being in a group. The results show that the displaying of emotions is a gender specific stimulus that does not affect conformity.
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