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Sociológia (Sociology)
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2010
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vol. 42
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issue 4
404-428
EN
The article offers an introduction to the economic and sociological theory of Vilfredo Pareto. The author discusses Pareto's general equilibrium theory as well as his ordinalist utility theory including what is known as 'Pareto optimum'. In the sociological field, author focuses on Pareto's original theory of social stratification founded on the assumption of circulating elites. With this concept, Pareto not only opposed the Marxist concept, which optimistically predicted emergence of a class-free society, but he also opposed the liberal-democratic notion, which somewhat naively perceived democracy as the rule of people, by people and for people. The critical scrutiny of Pareto's major works leads author to the conclusion that Pareto's work, despite certain shifts in his opinions on the matters of elites and democracy, is methodologically compact and devoted to the issues of perseverance of societal and economic equilibrium.
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INTERPRETATIONS OF MAX WEBER IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

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Sociológia (Sociology)
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2008
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vol. 40
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issue 2
141-162
EN
The article is concerned with interpretations of Max Weber in general sociology. It describes the 'Parsonization' and the 'de-Parsonization' of Weber in the American sociological literature, interpretations in the theory of action, empirical sociology, the sociology of race as well as in the theory of social stratification. The influence of Weber on the rational choice theory and the 'neo-charismatic' theory of leadership are discussed. Two questions are asked: whether Weberianism can be an appropriate program for transition and whether history should dominate over sociology?
EN
This paper deals with the relationship between Emile Durkheim's sociology and the contractualist tradition of political philosophy, represented here principally by Thomas Hobbes. Its aim is to show that Giddens' strict rejection of Parsons' claim according to which Durkheim has reopened in his work the 'Hobbes' problem of order', should not be accepted as such, because it's radicality hides that what is the value in Parsons' thesis. As we argue, Parsons has the merit of noticing that Hobbes and Spencer, who - in respect of their social philosophies - are usually seen as opposed, appear to be close to each other when they are considered by Durkheim as to the conception of the society their philosophies yield. Yet Durkheim's criticism of their individualistic conception of society results in a critique of their theories of the state. It is then proposed that Durkheim's sociology is an endeavour to conceive the society independently of the state, and thus, inversely, to emancipate the state from the society, so that it can be entrusted with a different function other than the guarantor of the social order.
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