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1

PHARMACOGENETICS IN RESEARCH ON RISK OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION DEVELOPMENT (Farmakogenetyka w badaniach nad ryzykiem rozwoju uzaleznienia od alkoholu)

100%
Panczyk M., Gotlib J.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2008
|
vol. 18
23-47
EN
Pharmacogenetic analysis is performed in order to find genetic factors in individually diversified responses of an organism to a biologically active substance, including drugs and stimulants. Pharmacogenetics helps in identification of genes associated with increased development risk of some diseases what may result in more effective prevention and reduction of incidence rate. Both fundamental and clinical research proved that alcohol drinking related behaviour is influenced by feature complex determined by biological and environmental factors. Animal model research indicate presence genetic determinants responsible for development of addiction and alcohol abuse. Genetic analysis in alcoholism research is related to functional gene polymorphisms of genes of alcohol metabolic pathway which influence alcoholic inclinations through pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Another area of research is related to genetic variants of proteins engaged in neuronal response on alcohol including individual sensitivity, reward system excitability, and tolerance development. Genome analysis (including COGA group research) adduced convincing data concerning existence of gene complexes located in chromosome regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 which may be connected with alcohol addiction development. Identification of genes involved in the development of alcoholism is important not only for effective prevention but also for development of molecular diagnostics and individualization of therapy.
2

GENETIC AND ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION PATHOGENESIS (Genetyczne i srodowiskowe uwarunkowania zespolu zaleznosci alkoholowej, ZZA)

100%
Jerzy S., Samochowiec Agnieszka.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2008
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vol. 18
7-22
EN
The familial occurence of alcoholism has been known for many years. Approximatly 50-60% of individual differences in risk for alcoholism is genetic, and this proportion is approximately equal in man and woman. The goal of this article is to review the current status in the search for 'candidate genes' for alcohol dependence. There are three basic approaches to identifying important genes. First, one can target genes based on their presumed importance in influencing alcohol sensitivity. The targeted gene can be overexpressed, underexpressed, or disrupted to the extent that its functionis ablated (a gene knock-out). Second, one can seek genes that are identified as important because they are differentially expressed. Third, one can seek variations in the sequence of genes that are associated with alcohol sensitivity. The first approach can only be attempted using genetic animal models. Each approach will be reviewed, with an emphasis on the second and third. The examples of statistical measures will be present, the differences between family designed studies and association studies in compare to unrelated healthy volunteers will be discussed.
3

CONSENSUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE POLICY OF PROTECTING THE GENETIC INFORMATION

88%
Kwiatkowski P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2018
|
vol. 73
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issue 1
24 – 35
EN
The paper offers an analysis of the policy of protecting the genetic information. This policy, based on counterbalancing the practical dimension of genetics with the protection of individual rights, exemplifies an action tied to directives which are based on the normative convictions fitting the concept of communicative rationality. To underpin his hypothesis, the author introduces the notion of genetic discrimination and offers a survey of empirical research in this field, as well as examples of the policy of protecting the genetic information from the perspective of communicative action theory.
4

EUGENICS IN 20s OF XX CENTURY IN UKRAINE (Yevhenika v 20-kh rokakh v Ukrayini)

75%
Romanets O. V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
|
2010
|
issue 3
69-82
EN
The history of eugenics, the origin and definition of this term is given, with reference to contributions by European scientists and theories. The history of eugenics in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia is shown, with the conclusion about the significant role of eugenics in opening institutes in genetic field within the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. As can be seen from analysis of scientific and other sources, eugenic ideas were subject of discussions and concern in Ukraine in 20s, and eugenics in Ukraine was introduced in that time mainly in form of social hygiene and studies of hereditary decease, in view of social calamities afflicting Ukraine in times of I world war, the revolution and the civil war: mass-scale starvation, dying out, gender imbalance, nervous and psychic dysfunctions, the extremely high mortality rate and the declining birth rate, spread of epidemic and social decease, along with the total ruining of the system for local medical aid existing in pre-revolutionary period. Dissemination of eugenic ideas in Ukraine of that period allowed for creating the network of research centers in the field, medical and genetic advisory stations, tuberculosis and psychiatric clinics etc., and, eventually, for establishing a new system for public health care. Genetic studies were subject of deep scientists' concern. Detailed account is given about research effort and organizational undertakings by Ukrainian scientists of that period, mainly psychiatrists and neuropathologists.
5

„MUSÍŠ MENIŤ SVOJ ŽIVOT“ – K NOVEJ ANTROPOLÓGII PETRA SLOTERDIJKA

75%
Sisáková O.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2014
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vol. 69
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issue 10
859 – 868
EN
The contribution deals with one of the problematizations of the care of the self-conception on the background of the anthropology and ethics of P. Sloterdijk, who has been exploring the issues since 1977. In 1999 his Elmau lecture Rules for the Human ZOO motivated one of the two most relevant discussions in the 20th century philosophical anthropology. He proved to be perhaps the most radical critic of philosophical anthropology (similarly to the discussion with Cassirer as early as in 1929 in which he rejected the anthropologism of philosophical anthropology in favour of fundamental ontology). The lecture was intended as a response to Heideggers´ Letter on Humanism in which Sloterdijk used Heidegger´s ontological metaphors to approach the past and future of humanity, including anthropogenesis, current application of anthropotechnics and the threat of transcending present boundaries in new genetic definitions.
6
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Na wozie Maragaty

75%
Filipowicz-Rudek M., Hladij H.
Studia Iberystyczne
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2009
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vol. 8
437-452
EN
The aim of the present article is to outline a very interesting phenomenon in cultural anthropology which is the very ancient and enigmatic presence of the Maragatos, human cultural isolates, in the mountainous purlieus of Spanish town Astorga, who despite of inhabiting the crossroads of several international centuries-old routes of trade and pilgrimage have managed to conserve their isolated and endogamous customs.
7

LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY AND NEURONAL PLASTICITY

75%
Fekete I., Pleh C.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2008
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vol. 63
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issue 1
181-211
EN
Languages in the World differ in many aspects. Do linguistic differences lead to differences in thinking? If the answer is in the affirmative, then which aspects of language cause differences in thinking, and how strong is their effect? The article discusses the relationship between language and thinking and the different conceptions of linguistic relativity. Linguistic relativity claims that linguistic differences cause differences in thinking. A unique conception of linguistic relativity is called processing relativity: certain types of languages use the universal processing mechanisms in a different way. Linguistic relativity can be interpreted in the context of neuroplasticity as well: can different (first-) language experiences affect the fixation of plastic brain areas? In this respect we touch upon recent neuroimaging and genetics results from the field of tonal languages. Taken together, we advocate the weak version of linguistic relativity, the universal processing mechanisms, and the linguistic governing of neuroplasticity.
8

COMMENTARY ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CRANIUM 13/05 FROM FROMBORK AS THE REMAINS OF NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (Komentarz do identyfikacji cranium 13/05 z Fromborka jako kosci Mikolaja Kopernika)

75%
Soltysiak A., Kozlowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2009
|
vol. 54
|
issue 2
281-290
EN
In 2004-2005, a team directed by Jerzy Gassowski (Pultusk Academy of Humanities) carried out archaeological excavations inside the cathedral at Frombork. The objective was to locate the grave of Nicolaus Copernicus. In the course of the work archaeologists uncovered the remains of 13 individuals, of which one skeleton (13/05) was identified indisputably as the remains of Copernicus. The identification was based on the following four premises: 1. individual 13/05 was buried in a spot hypothetically identified by Jerzy Sikorski in 2006 as Copernicus' burial place; 2. cranium 13/05 belonged to a male who died at the age of about seventy; 3. the face approximation of individual 13/05 reconstructed from an incomplete skull resembled the countenance of Copernicus from a copy of a lost portrait; 4. the mtDNA haplotype of individual 13/05 was found to agree with that of two hairs found in a book which had once belonged to Copernicus. The first of these premises was verified negatively in the course of excavations as the only skeleton identified by an inscription on the coffin was that of the canon Andrzej Gasiorowski. As a matter of fact, Jerzy Sikorski in his model had located Gasiorowski's burial in an entirely different place. The excavators had estimated the age at death of individual 13/05 as about 60-70 years. The sex was determined by the amelogenine gene. Nowhere in the original excavation report or the anthropological report was there any information on the age determination methodology. Age estimates based on tooth wear, conducted by three different methods (D. Brothwell 1981; A.E.W. Miles 1962; A.R. Millard, G.L. Gowland 2002) on a published photo of the palate and dental arch of the maxilla, have indicated a younger age at death, much less than the 60-70 years suggested by the excavators; according to Brothwell's tables the individual can be placed in the 25-35 years range.The third premise for the identification of individual 13/05 as Nicolaus Copernicus, which is the resemblance between the face approximation reconstructed from the cranium and the so-called Torun portrait, is precluded as a reliable method of identification due to the arbitrariness of face approximation. Consequently, identification by comparison of face approximation from an incomplete skull with a copy of a lost portrait has to be even more arbitrary and unverifiable. Genetic examination demonstrated agreement between the mtDNA haplotype of individual 13/05 and that of two hairs found in a book that was once the property of Nicolaus Copernicus. But this is hardly conclusive evidence even for attributing the hair from the book and the teeth and the bones from Frombork to a single individual, because the same mtDNA haplotype can be carried by different individuals. It is impossible, contrary to what Jerzy Gassowski states, to identify the remains of individual 13/05 with Nicolaus Copernicus based on mtDNA. Of the four premises supporting the identification of individual 13/05 as Nicolaus Copernicus none has proved to be acceptable. Therefore, individual 13/05 remains an anonymous male who died in his middle age. Tables 2.
9

CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICS: THE WORLD COCNTEXT (Periodyzatsiya rozvutku henetyky: svitovy context)

75%
Romanets O. V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
|
2010
|
issue 4
48-59
EN
A critical view on the traditional chronology of genetics is given (prehistory of genetics, covering two periods, from times immemorial till 1866, when G. Mendel law were discovered, 1866-1900, when the ground for future research of chromosomes was laid; the first period (1900-1930), classical genetics, the second period (1930-1953), neoclassicism in genetics; from 1953 and on, synthetic genetics), and a new one is elaborated in its place (prehistory, like the above; the first period (1990-1910), the second (1910-1928; the third (1929-1952); the fourth (1953-1971), the fifth (1972-2000), the sixth (2001 and on). The main criterion behind the elaborated chronology is important discoveries and the accumulation of scientific data required for the transition to a next development phase. The discoveries backing up the chronology are discovery (1866) and rediscovery (1990) of the laws of heredity, discovery of DNA construction (1929) and structure (1953), production of hybrid molecules of DNA (1972), deciphering of human genome (2001). Each chronological period (phase) of genetics continues while the scientific themes are elaborated, which are supposed to be outstanding for this period. For each chronological period, reference is made to outstanding researchers, discoveries and scientific books that landmarked the development of genetics in it. Also, knowledge accumulation is shown in each period, forerunning a new important discovery that moved the science up to a new chronological period (phase).
10

HISTORY OF POLISH BOTANICAL AND MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCHES ON SHEETS OF LAND OF ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC IN THE YEARS 1977-2009 (Dzieje polskich badan botanicznych i mykologicznych ladowych obszarów Antarktyki w latach 1977-2009)

51%
Köhler P., Olech M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
|
2011
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1
67-113
EN
The work includes a description of the period from the moment of setting up Polish Polar Station on King George Island (1977) to the end of International Polar Year IV in 2009. Researches on flower plants focused, among others, on plants' morphology, morphological composition of the pollen and anatomical ultra-structure of the leaves. There were also carried out biochemical and other searches for the internal mutability. Within physiological studies one concentrated on the problem of reaction to temperature stress. Biological researches focused mainly on solving taxonomic and bio-geographic problems. Finally, were published several monographs and, among others, the first in history complete description of moss' flora of the whole of Antarctic (2008). Research works over algae included also such issues as floristics, bio-geography, taxonomy and ecology (for instance, the rookery's impact on distribution of algae, or the influence of inanimate factors on dynamics of condensing the Diatoma in different water and soil-bound tanks). Up till now, within mycological investigations has been identified a variety of lichen fungi that for the most part of Antarctic are a novelty. There were scientifically described new for science genera and species of Western Antarctic. Lichenological studies were made in the field of taxonomy, geography, lichenometry, biochemistry of lichens, lichenoindication, ecophysiology and from the point of analysis of base metals' content. There were also described new for science species. Since 1991, were published the results of searches for the base metals' content and vestigial chemical elements in lichens' thallus. Ecophysiological researches concerned both micro-climatic conditions' impact on primary production and lichens' adaptation to a very cold climate. One discovered a mechanism of two-phase hydratization/dehydratization of lichens' thallus. On the ground of palaeobotanical analyzes was reconstructed a development of flora in Western Antarctic from the late Cretaceous period to the beginning of Melville's continental glaciation. One singled out three floristic stages and were reconstructed their peculiarities in the development of flora. There was also described an early Jurassic flora of Hope Bay (Pólwysep Antarktyczny - Antarctic Peninsula) that turned out to be the richest Jurassic flora in the world. From that point of view were analyzed new species of mineral plants. Ecological researches concentrated on the problems connected with several issues and, among others, with the processes of settlement and succession, distribution and ecology of land biotopes, changes in their spatial structure, and state of biotopes' biological mass. The second group of issues concerned the anthropogenous impacts. One also analyzed early stages of synanthropization of flora. Another important issue was recognizing an extent of the pollution of the environment, particularly with base metals. In the years 1977 - 2009 were published, at least, 426 notes, articles and monographs that were a result of botanical and mycological researches on sheets of land of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic.
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