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EN
This article is an attempt at presenting the opinions of Stanisław Koźmian, a Krakowbased member of the Stańczycy political group, on the development of the Polish cause in 1914–1916. Koźmian was a supporter of the so-called Austrian-Polish solution which consisted in incorporating the Kingdom of Poland to Austria-Hungary and granting it more autonomy. However, he did not postulate that the monarchy should be restructured towards the Austria-Hungary-Poland trialism as he realised that Hungarians would oppose this suggestion. According to Koźmian, the Act of 5th November was a poor solution as it did not offer the Kingdom of Poland any guarantee of independence. It only created “written down” independence.
EN
During the outbreak of WWI, a majority of Poles in Galicia were in favour of the Austria-Poland solution. They hoped that once the Kingdom of Poland was taken away from Russia, Franz Joseph I would become the king of Poland. As a result, a new and powerful state would emerge: Austria-Hungary-Poland. In order to pursue this idea, Poles established the Supreme National Committee and the Polish Legions, a military force. Austria’s military defeats and general weakness of the monarchy put an end to these plans as the politicians in Vienna failed to be equally willing to pursue the solution. The initiative regarding the Polish cause was taken over by Germans and the Act of 5th November was proclaimed. This indicated that the reconstruction of the Polish state would be modelled by the Reich rather than the Habsburg monarchy. On the one hand, the proclamation of the Act of 5th November was welcomed in Galicia: it was the first document taking the Polish cause to the international arena. On the other hand, the end of the Austria-Poland idea led to resentment. Poles in Galicia were afraid that they would be left outside the new Polish state.
EN
Order of Friars Minor, called Observants, was established in Poland on the basis of indigenous structures, thanks to action of st. John Kapistran, Italian Franciscan, acting in Cracow in 1453. Polish Observants, called Bernardines from the first convents in Cracow, Warsaw, Lviv, and Poznań, were they received a summon from st. Bernardine from Siena, the famous preacher and refomer of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi, had a provincial organization. First Bernardines’ monasteries, founded since 1453 have been subordinated by the general of the order from the Austro-Czech-Polish province. It was until 1517 when the Franciscans-Observants have organized the native province, covering the territorial lands of the Polish state. The power has been centralized in the person of provincial, elected every three years at the provincial chapter. In his jurisdiction were all abbots and convents within the teritory of the province. The guardians, also elected by the chapter and approved for the period of three years by the provincial, led the administration of each monastery. The set of activities taken by the monastic officials – the provincial and the guardian – entailed the necessity of establishing the chancelleries, both in the provinces as well as in every single convent. Because the provincial took one of the subordinated orders, called the provincial house, as his residence, the sets of acts arising from the activities of both offices were kept independantly in one place, of what an example was the Bernardine monastery in Lviv. According to the Potsdam agreements about the repatriation of the Polish population from the lands granted to the Soviet Ukraine, Bernardines have left the convent in Lviv in 1946. Starting from 1943, the archives of the order as well as Russian and Galician provinces were moved as far as possible, from Lviv to the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow. In the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow were preserved 17 paper and (loose) parchment documents, referring to the history of Bernardines order in Lviv. Due to the socio-political changes that have occured in last two decades in the Eastern Europe, the interests have increased in the matter of East, its spiritual culture and influence of Christianity on shaping and developing of Eastern culture, in what the Lviv convent has also participated. Motivated by these considerations Fr. Aleksander Krzysztof Sitnik, OFM has decided to collect and publish, not only in the original language, but also translated into Polish and Ukrainian, all 17 Lviv documents from the years 1571–1903.
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