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EN
The historical events of the 20th century have been rather merciless towards the architectural heritage and part of it has perished. Koknese Manor House is among such lost architectural monuments whose image is captured in historical pictures but only ruins of foundations and the basement level remain in situ. Koknese Manor has been owned by the family of the Barons von Löwenstern since the 1780s. Commissioned by Otto Carl Nikolai von Löwenstern, architect Carl David Neuburger (1842–1897) designed Koknese Manor House in 1894. The project reveals the idea behind the building – a rather grand longitudinal house with volumes of different height: a two-storey main block with a mansard roof, a spacious winter garden and an expressive vertical accent in the shape of a square tower topped by a spire. The arrangement of volumes and façade solutions demonstrate the principles of harmony and symmetry. Volute gables crown and accentuate the central axis of façades and their parts. A visually attractive contrast is created between red-brick masonry and abundant elements of light decorative sculpture. The layout of the building, envisioning a high level of comfort, is commensurate with the commissioner’s status and the rationalist ideas of the epoch. The architect has functionally grouped premises into representative, private and household quarters. The location of the manor house on the Daugava riverbank parallel to the river has ensured a presentable, picturesque composition harmonised with its surroundings. Manor house construction began around 1898 and the building was completed in 1901. Some works continued later too, for instance, improvements were finished in 1911 with the installation of running water and sewerage systems. The architectural and artistic solution of Koknese Manor House, including its design as well as implementation, can be seen as an outstanding example of German Neo-Renaissance style in Latvia’s history of architecture.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje dzieje powstania i treści ideowe związane z kościołem pw. św. Brunona w Giżycku, a także nowatorski – w kontekście liturgii – projekt ołtarza świątyni. W okresie międzywojennym podejmowano w Niemczech różnego rodzaju inicjatywy mające na celu upamiętnienie żołnierzy poległych na frontach I wojny światowej. Szczególną rolę odegrał w tym względzie Związek Opieki nad Niemieckimi Mogiłami Wojennymi (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge). Od 1922 roku obchodzono w Republice Weimarskiej Dzień Żałoby Narodowej, który dwanaście lat później przemianowano na Dzień Pamięci o Bohaterach i obwołano uroczystością państwową. W Giżycku, gdzie ludność katolicka znajdowała się w diasporze, podjęto w tym czasie decyzję o budowie świątyni pw. św. Brunona, która jako pierwsza w Prusach Wschodnich pełniłaby funkcję kościoła-pomnika poległych. Z inicjatywą wzniesienia budowli wyszedł miejscowy duszpasterz Severin Quint, zaś opracowanie planów architektonicznych powierzono Martinowi Weberowi. Poświęcenie kamienia węgielnego odbyło się 23 sierpnia 1936 roku. Kościół został oddany do użytku 8 sierpnia 1937 roku, zaś jego uroczystej dekoracji dokonano 26 czerwca 1938. Ten nowoczesny obiekt sakralny, pełniący rolę świątyni garnizonowej, zawierał liczne odniesienia do symboliki militarnej. Środkowe pole fasady udekorowano dekoracją sgraffitową ukazującą św. Brunona z Kwerfurtu oraz rycerza krzyżackiego i współczesnego żołnierza, przedstawionych po jego bokach, co miało obrazować zakorzenioną w historii bohaterską postawę niemieckich sił zbrojnych, wspartych orędownictwem apostoła Prus. Z kolei usytuowanie ołtarza dające możliwość sprawowania nabożeństw versus populum było pionierskim rozwiązaniem na obszarze diecezji warmińskiej, antycypującym założenia odnowy liturgicznej po soborze watykańskim II.
EN
The article presents the historical outline and ideological circumstances concerning the construction of Saint Bruno’s Church in Giżycko as well as theits novel form (in liturgical context) of the altar design. In the inter-war period (1918–1939) various initiatives were undertaken in Germany to commemorate the soldiers fallen during the World War I. A very important role in this respect was played by the German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge). Starting from 1922 The National Mourning Day was commemoratedcelebrated in the Weimar Republic, which 12 years later was renamed as Heldengedenktag (Memory of Heroes Day) and it was declared an official national holiday. In Giżycko, where Catholics were in a diaspora, a decision was taken to build a church, which would function as a church-cum-monument to the fallen soldiers, the first of its kind in East Prussia. The initiator of the plan to erecting the church was Father Severin Quint whereas Martin Weber was responsible for the architectural design of the building. The blessing of the cornerstone took place on 23 August 1936 and the church was opened on 8 August 1937. On 23 August 1938 the church was adorned with decorations. This modern place of worship, which also performed the function of a garrison church, was full of military references and military symbolism. The middle section of the facade was decorated with a scgraffito image of Saint Bruno of Querfurt accompanied by a Teutonic Knight on one side and by a contemporary German soldier on the other. This figurative image was supposed to symbolise the rooted in history heroic conduct of the German army, rooted in history and supported by the blessings of the Apostle of the Prussians. As far as the interior is concerned, the positioning of the altar enabling the priest to celebrate the mass versus populum was a truly novel solution on the territory of the Warmia Diocese at the time and, in a way, heralded the changes in Catholic liturgy which were to take place some years later after the Second Vatican Council.
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