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Struktura i rola systemu bankowego Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w gospodarce

100%

Dąbkowska A.

Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

2014

vol. 6(42)

issue 2

23-42

Niemiecki system bankowy jest permanentnym placem budowy, którego głównym zadaniem jest dostosowywanie się do potrzeb rynku. Niemieckie banki, jako główne źródło pozyskiwania funduszy obcych na realizację zamierzeń inwestycyjnych, są lokomotywą napędzającą gospodarkę. Największą rolę odgrywa sektor banków uniwersalnych, który tworzą zarówno banki komercyjne, banki publiczne oraz banki spółdzielcze. Banki komercyjne, w szczególności cztery duże banki prowadzą działalność zarówno na rynku narodowym, jak i międzynarodowym. Istotną rolę odgrywają również kasy oszczędnościowe i banki spółdzielcze, które w swojej działalności skupiają się na finansowaniu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, oraz wspierają ideę oszczędzania. Aktywa systemu bankowego stanowią ponad 300% PKB Niemiec.

The German banking system is a permanent building site, whose main task is to adjust to the needs of the market. German banks, as the main source of raising foreign funds for the realization of investments, are the motor force behind the country’s economy. The sector of universal banks plays the greatest role; it is formed by commercial, public and cooperative banks. Commercial banks, especially the four big banks, are active both at home and abroad. A significant role is also played by savings banks and credit cooperatives that in their activities are focused on financing small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as support the idea of saving. The assets of the banking system constitute more than 300% of the German GNP.

Specyfika i niektóre cechy charakterystyczne niemieckiego systemu bankowego

45%

Klimiuk Z.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

2006

vol. 34

issue 3

93-67

In the German Federal Republic the restructuring of the traditional model of universal banking is taking place. The reforms of economic policy in the 1990s established grounds for a long-awaited and needed restructuring. At the moment there is an ongoing wave of privatisation and de-regulation. Tax reforms that have recently been introduced and desintermediation mean that the mutual relations between banks and big enterprises have come to an end. The introduction of Euro in 1999 and its attendant development of shares and bonds have made even the German “mittelstand” (traditional businesses, owned by families) to seek finances in the capital markets. These firms, however, need investment banks as organisers of financial activities. The leading German banks responded to the above trends with the “slimming down” of operations, separating retail and investment banking, and concentrating many banks on the latter. It is an interesting question to examine whether all of the observed changes lead to a uniform global model of how the banks work, or else the difference of banking systems in various countries grows, a fact that may be a response to the global changes in the mechanisms of banks. The paper is based on the qualitative analysis (focused on the qualitative and quantitative indicators) that is designed to verify the above hypothesis. The concept of “bank” denotes in German typically financial institutions entitled to take a broad spectre of activities, including investment banking, insurance services (although performed by means of a branch), broker and dealer activity on the securities market, payment services (which in Germany requires a banking licence). The banking sector in Germany has several distinctive properties. What is most important, as opposed to e.g. the USA, the public sector in Germany, by means of state-owned banks and Land-owned banks, has 40% of shares on the retail banking market. Secondly, the banks in Germany locate (“block”) their capital in industrial holdings. For instance, ten biggest private banks own 0.5% of the capitalisation of firms (with capitalisation over 1 million DM); their shares are available in the public stock market turnover in the Federal German Republic. Business contacts that result from such packages of shares made banks give loans that were safe for them, but this system called relationship banking is subject to changes. Tax reforms which were introduced in January 2002 provided tax exemptions for the seller of such shares, a procedure that was commonly called “the end of Deutschland AG.” The Deutsche Bank e.g. due to the fact that it had to finance enterprises through capital markets announced that it would sell the whole package of Daimler-Chrysler shares. The fact that capital markets take over from banks the financing of enterprises makes the role of investment banking grow in importance, and the German banks tend to gain the leading position in this area.

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1 Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

1 Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

1 Dąbkowska A.

1 Klimiuk Z.

1 2020

1 2014

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Struktura i rola systemu bankowego Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w gospodarce

Specyfika i niektóre cechy charakterystyczne niemieckiego systemu bankowego