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EN
The main objective of this paper is to synthetically present primary sources and agents of Germany's leading position in the global economy at the turn of the I and II decade of the twenty-first century. Economic growth and economic development is the result of many factors of different nature: traditional and modern, objective and subjective, exogenous and endogenous, economic and non-economic, with institutional and cultural to begin with. This universal statement also fully applies to German economy. The German experience in the restructuring of the economy is valuable from the Polish point of view, despite many well-known differences of the two economies. Germany, despite all the economic disruption and the difficulties of a structural nature (with the demographics to begin with), and dilemmas as to the future of the so called social market economy will remain a powerful and rich country. The economic situation of Poland depended, depends and will depend on the global prosperity, and thus the prosperity of our closest partner, i.e. Germany.
EN
The economic crisis of 1957–1958 brought to an end the first and started the second post-war business cycle in the West Germany’s economy. The long-term growth trend of the 1958–1970 period was interlaced with two downturns in the economic development, in the 1962–1963 and 1965–1967 periods, respectively. As in the entire period following the World War II, the downturn in economic activity did not lead to an absolute decline in industrial production and gross domestic product (GDP) on the year to year basis, but only to a reduction in the economic growth rate, or in other words – negative deviation of the growth rate from the long-term development trend.
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EN
The material consists of excerpts from expert analyses prepared by scholars from the Institute for Western Affairs, commissioned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (founding organ). The first part contains an assessment of the impact of reforms launched under Agenda 2010 on German economy in 2013 and its future development. Crucial characteristics of the German economic model are identified and compared with the French vision of the functioning of economy especially in the context of the European Union and specifically in the eurozone. The authors of the second expert analysis focus on changes in Germany’s foreign trade and direct investments identifiable after 2007 which lead to increased importance of economic cooperation with countries outside the European Union. However, it must be emphasized that the readiness to broaden global economic contacts does not cause a re-evaluation of the foundations of German foreign policy nor its greater independence that would result in new possibilities of exerting influence in international relations.
EN
The economy of Germany plays a significant role in the world space and must maintain its position among the dominant leaders. It manifests itself both in terms of the size of the economic potential and in terms of multiple impact on the socio-economic life of individual countries. This idea is referred to in this paper, the aim of which is to present the trade relations of the German economy with other countries in terms of trade turnover. Trade exchange is an important factor influencing the economic activation of a given country. This process is illustrated by the analysis of the international trade exchange of the German economy in 1991-2019. A characteristic feature of the turnover is a positive trade balance in terms of values, and negative in terms of goods weight. The dominant importance in terms of export are products requiring technical expenditure (machinery and equipment, chemicals), while in terms of import, less processed products, mainly fuels, raw materials and foodstuffs. In the world space, there is a very strong concentration of both export markets and import sources. On the one hand, they indicate strong economic ties with the dominant world economies and, on the other hand, seek opportunities for connections with countries with a lower level of economic development, mainly using their raw material resources. In this way, the German economy engages in competitive relations with the dominant countries, both in terms of the possibility of expanding its own sales markets and the possibility of ensuring raw material sources, especially energy and for the electronics industry.
PL
Gospodarka Niemiec w światowej przestrzeni odgrywa znaczącą rolę i musi dbać o utrzymanie swojej pozycji wśród liderów. Przejawia się ona zarówno pod względem wielkości potencjału ekonomicznego, jak i w zakresie wielorakiego oddziaływania na życie społeczno-gospodarcze poszczególnych krajów. Do tej idei nawiązuje niniejsza praca, której celem jest przedstawienie powiązań handlowych gospodarki niemieckiej z poszczególnymi krajami w zakresie obrotów handlowych. Wymiana handlowa jest bowiem ważnym czynnikiem wpływającym na aktywizację gospodarczą danego kraju. Proces ten ilustruje analiza międzynarodowej wymiany handlowej gospodarki niemieckiej w latach 1991-2019. Cechą charakterystyczną obrotów jest dodatnie saldo handlowe w zakresie wartości, natomiast ujemne, w zakresie masy towarowej. Dominujące znaczenie w eksporcie mają produkty wymagające nakładów myśli technicznej (maszyny i urządzenia, chemikalia), natomiast w zakresie importu produkty mniej przetworzone, głównie paliwa, surowce i artykuły spożywcze. W przestrzeni światowej występuje bardzo silna koncentracja zarówno rynków eksportowych, jak i w zakresie źródeł importu. Wskazują one z jednej strony na silne powiązania gospodarcze z dominującymi gospodarkami światowymi a z drugiej - szukania możliwości powiązań z krajami o niższym poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego, wykorzystując w głównym stopniu ich zasoby surowcowe. W ten sposób gospodarka niemiecka włącza się w relacje konkurencyjne z dominującymi państwami zarówno w zakresie możliwości rozszerzanie własnych rynków zbytu, jak i możliwości zapewnienia źródeł surowcowych, zwłaszcza energetycznych i dla przemysłu elektronicznego.
PL
Po rozbiorze Polski w 1795 r. zachodnie tereny kraju – głównie Wielkopolska – stały się częścią państwa pruskiego. Polska i Prusy należały do wschodnioeuropejskiego kompleksu gospodarczego, ale Prusy były nieco lepiej rozwinięte gospodarczo i lepiej zorganizowane. W XIX w. pruskie elity były nastawione romantycznie i prowadziły politykę bastionu zorientowaną na obronę Niemczyzny przed naporem Słowian. Pruskie państwo odgrywało wiodącą rolę w gospodarce i podporządkowało ją celom militarnym. Przykład państwa pruskiego był szczególnie popularny wśród polskich elit na początku XX w. Na podstawie pruskich wzorów Polacy uczyli się, że głównym aktorem nie jest jednostka, ale państwo. Przypadek państwa pruskiego był po 1918 r. źródłem inspiracji dla ideologii narodowej. Badania nad polskimi gminami dowodzą, że wpływ zaboru pruskiego na współczesny rozwój Polski był raczej szkodliwy niż wspierający.
EN
After partitions of Poland in 1795 its west territory (Wielkopolska) became a part of Prussia. Poland and Prussia were parts of east European complex of economy, but Prussia was more developed and better organized than Poland. During the XIX century Prussian elites were romantically oriented and dealt with bastion policy which was oriented towards defending the Germans against the Slavs. Prussian state played main role in economy and subordinated it to the military oriented goals. Prussian case was extremely popular among Polish elites at the beginning of XX century. At the base of Prussian patterns the Poles learnt that main actor in economy is not individual unit but the state, and Prussian case was the source of inspiration for strong nationally oriented ideology in Poland after 1918. Research on Polish communes proved that impact of Prussia on contemporary development in Poland was rather damaging than uncourageous.
EN
This article presents an analysis of development trends in German economy after 1990, that is after the date of the German reunification. The analysis demonstrates that the growth of the German economy of that time was predominantly dependent on export production, cutting-edge-technology-based industry and investment, while consumption factors were of minor importance to the general picture. German economy of the time was strictly bound with world economy, showing considerable sensitivity to market fluctuations. This is why the Germans were interested in promoting open markets, thanks to which they could reach large export trade surplus. German economy after 1990 was marked with a definite reduction of the average rate of economic growth. Owing to that, today it is no longer the third, but the fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP in the world.
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