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EN
The author describes the contents of one of the most valuable and most extensive (802 pages) surviving manuscripts of the Poor Clares of Gniezno. It is kept in Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno, in the fonds Zakon Klarysek Gniezno [Poor Clares of Gniezno], no. 3. The manuscript was begun in 1609, when Dorota Bromirska was the prioress (1609–1617). We can distinguish in it characteristic features of the handwriting of several dozen people (probably the nuns); the dominant language is Polish and there are signs suggesting the manuscript was in frequent use. The manuscript is a veritable silva rerum; it combines characteristics of a chronicle, catalogue, obituary of nuns as well as inventory and description of their property. It contains information about various spheres of the convent’s activity and daily life, facts associated with the history of the convent, of Gniezno and of Poland – though that last group is the least numerous. Approximately half of the entries deal with the convent’s economy, including inspections of the property (from 1610, the most detailed is from 1615) as well as inventories from 1624, 1627, 1631, 1632, 1661, 1667, 1673, 1676, 1682, 1686 and 1689. Data about the daily life comes from inspection reports and descriptions of elections of prioresses. There is little information about customs and morals. Very little information concerns matters happening outside the convent, apart, of course, from contacts with the Franciscan Sisters of Gniezno, who were spiritual guardians of the Poor Clares
EN
Synodality is one of the elements of the identity of ecclesial communities and thus of the whole Church. Pope Francis sees synodality as a challenge to the Church in the third Christian millennium. The culmination of his concern for the renewal of synodality in the Church is the convened XVI Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, whose theme is: “For a Synodal Church: Communion, Participation, and Mission”. The Synod was inaugurated in Rome on 9-10 October 2021. Synodality, however, is not a new phenomenon. From the very beginning of the Church, it has been essential for her life, for decision-taking and decision-making (Acts: 15). One of the basic forms of synods is diocesan synods. One of them is the Third Post-War Synod of the Archdiocese of Gniezno, which took place in the years 1995-2000. The aim of this study is to show the timeliness of the reflections of the Synod of Gniezno in relation to the problem of renewal of contemporary parishes. The article consists of three parts: (1) the presentation of the synod, (2) the synodal theology of the parish, (3) the model of parish renewal. The teaching of the Synod has been compared with the contemporary teaching of the Church. This comparison confirmed the thesis about the topicality of the reflections of the Gniezno Synod.
EN
The period of time when the Primate of Poland Stefan Wyszyński was imprisoned (1950-1953) is thought to be extremely challenging to the Polish Catholic Church. He was the head of church as well as the voice of nation who opposed the power of Communists in the country in a very explicit and radical way. After his imprisonment and isolation from the outside world, the Communist authorities started the massive infiltration and surveillance of Church. A mitered prelate, Stanisław Bross, who usurped the title of a diocesan bishop assumed power over the primate’s diocese. The Institute of National Remembrance and the Archdiocese of Gniezno do not offer any evidence of Stanisław Bross cooperation with services of the Polish People’s Republic. However, there are strong indications of his conscious and deliberate actions. His usurpation of the power in Church was leading to many divisions among the clergy. After the release a cardinal Wyszyński deprived the man of all dignity and ecclesiastical offices . The following text is the first sourcing and holistic research paper about his life and services. It includes a detailed description of the primate’s imprisonment period as well as the evaluation of the period of time.
EN
The article presents an analysis of an interesting document issued by Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland for Piotr Winiarczyc of Gniezno. Contrary to doubts of some scholars, it is undoubtedly authentic and was probably issued on 25 August 1283. The enclosed edition offers a text differing significantly from the version known from the earlier editions.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę interesującego dokumentu księcia wielkopolskiego Przemysła II dla Piotra Winiarczyca z Gniezna. Wbrew podnoszonym wątpliwościom jest on niewątpliwie autentyczny, a wystawiony został zapewne 25 VIII 1283. Załączona edycja przynosi tekst różniący się istotnie od znanego z wcześniejszych wydań.
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EN
Taking a synthetic approach, the author of the paper presents the explanations of the etymology of the geographical name Gniezno, which is present in historical literature and linguistic works, and has been the object of interest since Middle Ages for chroniclers, and later for historiographers and linguists. Moreover, the author discusses the form of this toponym, explains the changes it underwent, and presents hypotheses concerning its motivation.
EN
Archbishop Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski was the primate of Poland in the years 1777-1784. In older historiography Ostrowski was praised for his deep inner life, ascetical practices, exemplary life, works of mercy, approachability and hospitality. However, some new investigations put in doubt his exemplary priestly conduct. Primate Ostrowski who was sick then spent last two years of his life (1782-1784) abroad where he underwent medical treatment. We have a large correspondence from this period between the primate and the cathedral chapter of Gniezno. The author of the article analyzes these correspondences and clearly shows that archbishop Ostrowski, even when abroad, he really cared for his archdiocese’s affairs. Among his particular interest were the construction of a new seminary building, the renovation of the metropolitan cathedral of Gniezno and the expanding of the Primate’s palace in Warsaw. The article wants to prove that – despite numerous opinions about the Primate’s weaknesses – till the end of his life he strove to be a good shepherd, doing a lot of good things for his archdiocese and for the Church.
EN
The osteological material obtained during the renovation and restoration works carried out in 2016 in the crypt of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Franciscan Fathers in Gniezno was subjected to anthropological studies. Numerous human remains located loosely in the crypt were examined and put in order. In the course of the analysis, it was determined that they came from no less than 41 individuals, who died at various ages and who were of different sexes. The ossuary was also examined, where the deposited human remains belonged to no less than 111 individuals.
PL
Opracowaniu antropologicznemu poddano materiał osteologiczny pozyskany podczas prac remontowo-konserwatorskich prowadzonych w roku 2016 w krypcie kościoła oo. Franciszkanów w Gnieźnie pw. Wniebowzięcia NMP. Przebadano i uporządkowano znajdujące się luźno w krypcie liczne szczątki ludzkie. W toku analizy uznano, że pochodzą one od nie mniej niż 41 osobników, zmarłych w różnym wieku i o różnej płci. Przebadano również ossuarium, w którym zdeponowane szczątki ludzkie należały do nie mniej niż 111 osobników.
EN
Archbishop Radzim-Gaudenty, half-brother of St. Adalbert, was the first Metropolitan of the Diocese of Gniezno. Little is known about his life and work, even the date of his death is uncertain. This lack of information is connected with scarce historical sources. In this article the author reviewed the Old Polish historical sources which reveal the information about Archbishop Radzim-Gaudenty. The oldest Polish chronicles, among others, Gallus Anonymus or Wincenty Kadłubek, are silent on the matter of this hierarch. Only in the 15th century Jan Długosz in his works published a lot of information about him. In the 16th century the following authors wrote about the Metropolitan: Maciej Karpiga from Miechów, Marcin Kromer, Stanisław Orzechowski, Jan Herburt, Maciej Stryjkowski, Marcin Bielski, Piotr Skarga, Bartosz Paprocki. In the 17th century the history of the Archbishop was presented by Szymon Staropolski, Szymon Okolski, Stanisław Łubieński, Stefan Damalewicz, Piotr Hiacynt Pruszcz, Stanisław Sczygielski vel Szczygielski, Andrzej Olszowski and Stanisław Bużeński. In the 18th century the issues connected with the life of the Bishop can be found in the works of Jerzy Schwengl, Florian Jacek Jaroszewicz, Franciszek Rzepnicki, Kasper Niesiecki, Gotfryd Lengnich and Adam Naruszewicz.
EN
Founded in 1960 by Primate Stefan Wyszynski, the Gniezno Archdiocesan Archive was assigned with the role of collecting, preserving, processing and providing access to archival materials related to the history of the Archdiocese and Metropolis of Gniezno. The ‘Ecclesiastical Seminary in Gniezno’ fond, which reflects the complicated history of one of the oldest seminaries functioning in the Polish lands, occupies an important place in its collection. The Gniezno Seminary was founded by Archbishop Stanisław Karnkowski in 1602. However, its erection witnessed unfavourable times, and consequently proved unsustainable. In 1718, Archbishop Stanisław Szembek re-established the seminary and entrusted its administration to the missionaries of St Vincent à Paulo. It survived in that form until 1835. After the dissolution of the congregation under the Prussian partition, Archbishop Marcin Dunin decided to transform the Gniezno seminary into a practical education facility for seminarians. This form of institution survived until 1927, although the seminary was closed in 1875–1886 as a result of the kulturkampf. In 1927, Cardinal August Hlond reorganized the seminary’s studies. In Gniezno, he established a full philosophical study for seminarians from the archdioceses of Gniezno and Poznań. During World War II, the Germans set up a police school in the building. Seminar classes did not resume until April 1945. In 1953, Cardinal S. Wyszyński managed to consolidate philosophical and theological studies in Gniezno. Since 1998, the Gniezno seminary has been part of the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, while retaining its own legal personality and organizational distinctiveness. The rich tradition of the Gniezno seminary has resulted in a preservation of extensive archival resource concerning its activities. It includes 376 units that refer to documentation produced after 1718. This is because the earlier documents produced by the seminary’s registry have not survived, as evidenced by the printed inventory report accompanying this study. It includes archives with distinguishable thematic groups of files: alumni; regulations and curricula; library; income and expenditure; contracts and accounts; Braciszewo estate; inventories; correspondence; archbishop’s boarding school; foreign seminary; priestly retreats; construction records.
PL
Założone w 1960 roku przez prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego, Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Gnieźnie zostało zobowiązane do gromadzenia, przechowywania, opracowywania oraz udostępniania archiwaliów związanych z dziejami archidiecezji i metropolii gnieźnieńskiej. W jego zasobie ważne miejsce zajmuje zespół „Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Gnieźnie”, który odzwierciedla skomplikowane dzieje jednego z najstarszych seminariów funkcjonujących na ziemiach polskich. Seminarium duchowne w Gnieźnie zostało założone przez abp. Stanisława Karnkowskiego w 1602 roku. Erekcja ta przypadła jednak na niesprzyjające czasy, stąd też okazała się nietrwała. W 1718 roku abp Stanisław Szembek dokonał ponownego ustanowienia seminarium i powierzył jego zarząd misjonarzom św. Wincentego à Paulo. W tej formie przetrwało ono do 1835 roku. Po kasacie zgromadzenia w zaborze pruskim abp Marcin Dunin postanowił przekształcić seminarium gnieźnieńskie w zakład kształcący kleryków w zakresie praktycznym. Rozwiązanie to przetrwało do 1927 roku, mimo iż w latach 1875-1886 seminarium było zamknięte na skutek kulturkampfu. W 1927 roku kard. August Hlond dokonał reorganizacji studiów seminaryjnych. W Gnieźnie ustanowił pełne studium filozoficzne dla kleryków z archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej i poznańskiej. W trakcie II wojny światowej w gmachu uczelni Niemcy urządzili szkołę policyjną. Zajęcia seminaryjne wznowiono dopiero w kwietniu 1945 roku. W 1953 roku kard. S. Wyszyński doprowadził do scalenia w Gnieźnie studiów filozoficznych i teologicznych. Od 1998 roku gnieźnieńskie seminarium stanowi część Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, przy zachowaniu własnej osobowości prawnej i odrębności organizacyjnej. Bogata tradycja gnieźnieńskiego seminarium sprawiła, że z jego działalności zachował się okazały zasób archiwalny. Obejmuje on 376 jednostek, które odnoszą się do dokumentacji wytworzonej po 1718 roku. Nie zachowały się bowiem wcześniejsze dokumenty wytwarzane przez kancelarię seminaryjną, co uświadamia drukowany inwentarz dołączony do niniejszego opracowania. Uwzględnia on archiwalia, z których można wyodrębnić następujące tematyczne grupy aktowe: wychowankowie; regulaminy i programy nauczania; biblioteka; dochody i rozchody; kontrakty i rachunki; majątek Braciszewo; inwentarze; korespondencja; konwikt arcybiskupi; seminarium zagraniczne; rekolekcje kapłańskie; akta budowlane.
EN
The authors describe the history of two images of St. Adalbert created in the technique and canon of writing Orthodox icons. Atanas Kameshev, a Bulgarian Orthodox iconographer, created both images. The first of them, asso ciated with the Gniezno Synods-Reunions tradition, which began in 2000, was hung in the local cathedral. The second, made several years later on the Mayor of Gniezno’s request, was to be presented to Pope John Paul II. It eventually found a home on the altar of Rome’s San Bartolomeo church.
PL
W czasie niewoli narodowej oraz w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym rosła symboliczna rola Gniezna, religijna i narodowa. Symbolika ta skupiała się wokół katedry i wyraziła się w upamiętnianiu tablicami i pomnikami ważnych osób i wydarzeń, w publikacjach książkowych o charakterze historycznym oraz w uroczystościach religijnych. W czasie zaborów Niemcy starali się ograniczać symboliczną rolę katedry. Podczas II wojny światowej zamknęli katedrę dla Polaków a z czasem wykluczyli z niej kult religijny. Dzieła zniszczenia niemal dopełniła Armia Czerwona, która bez powodu zbombardowała katedrę dwa dni po „wyzwoleniu”.
EN
In the time of partitions of Poland and in the interwar period the national and religious symbolic significance of Gniezno was increasing. This symbolism focused on its cathedral and was expressed in tables and monuments dedicated to important persons and events, in publications on history, in common prayer of the Polish Catholics. In the Prussian times the civil authorities strove to limit the symbolic role of Gniezno. During the World War II the Germans closed the cathedral for the Polish people and later excluded from it any religious service. Their work of destruction has been almost completed by the Red Army who bombarded the church two days after the “liberation”.
EN
This study is an attempt to present the role and influence of running events on the development of cities and towns, and the possibility of their promotion and building a positive image. The influence of mass runs organized by three Wielkopolska urban units of different sizes was characterized: Poznań, Gniezno and Grodzisk Wielkopolski. The growing popularity of physical activity in the form of running in the 21st century may become an important impulse for the socio-economic development of cities, as well as a new source of searching for the city’s identity or its new image.
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie jest próbą przedstawienia roli i wpływu imprez biegowych na rozwój miast oraz możliwości ich promocji i budowania pozytywnego wizerunku. Scharakteryzowano wpływ organizowanych biegów masowych przez trzy miasta wielkopolskie różnej wielkości: Poznań, Gniezno i Grodzisk Wielkopolski. Rosnąca w XXI w. popularność aktywności fizycznej w postaci biegów może stać się ważnym impulsem dla rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego miast oraz stanowić nowe źródło poszukiwania tożsamości miasta czy jego nowego wizerunku.
EN
The aim of the article is to present and analyse the manuscript legacy of the Poor Clares Convent in Gniezno. After the dissolution of the convent in the nineteenth century (likely the second half), this legacy was transferred to the Archive of the Metropolitan Chapter, and is currently held in the Archdiocesan Archive in Gniezno. So far, researchers have not been particularly interested in studying this material. This collection consists of manuscripts, documents and parchment diplomas, most of which are in the form of loose records (AKM – A Cap) – over 2,500 items and over 4,000 cards. 27 manuscripts are held in a few collections: six items in the fonds of the Poor Clares Convent (ZKG) and 21 in the division of the Archive of the Metropolitan Chapter (A. Cap. B). The latter relate to economic and accounting matters. The manuscripts fall into three categories: a legal and normative category which comprises monastic rules and constitutions (two documents), a category which includes liturgical books (five) and the records on the ceremony of taking the veil, and the most numerous group – material relating to economic and accounting matters. The third category contains 10 manuscripts of expenses and/or income of the convent (even the oldest one from 1613), the inventory of the Poor Clares’ rural property of 1593, and 10 items dating back to the second half of the eighteenth century containing settlements with the convent’s serfs in the town of Kostrzyn and villages which belonged to this monastic congregation. A precious document that fits into the monastic literary output of the early modern period is the code entitled “The books of all matters of the Gniezno Convent of the Poor Clares. This is a catalogue of all the nuns who ever took monastic vows in this convent, both dead and alive. This is also the inventory of the whole property of the convent, its farm income and privileges […] diligently written in 1609 AD”. The code consists of 802 paper pages with several dozen types of handwriting. The data it contains are prosopographic and economic (over half of them) details, information about the realities of life and the functioning of this enclosed community. Despite being a small collection, the manuscripts are an extremely valuable legacy due to the wide range of information they contain. Loose records have an even greater amount of information. A comprehensive and detailed study of the material mentioned above, particularly the economic and accounting manuscripts, will shed light on the methods of managing the convent estate, the finances of the congregation in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, and the functioning of the convent in the urban economy and society of Gniezno in the early modern period. Only a detailed analysis will make it possible to answer a number of questions about the internal affairs of the convent, its material culture, the everyday life of the nuns, and above all the convent estate: the profitability of the property, a budget, the structure of income statement accounts and the standard of living of the nuns.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i wstępna analiza spuścizny rękopiśmiennej klasztoru klarysek w Gnieźnie, która po kasacie klasztoru trafiła w XIX stuleciu, zapewne drugiej jego połowie, do Archiwum Kapituły Metropolitalnej, obecnie zaś znajduje się w zasobie Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie. Do tej pory cieszyła się ona niewielkim zainteresowaniem badaczy. Na zbiór składają się rękopisy, dokumenty i dyplomy pergaminowe, z których większość znajduje się w aktów luźnych – AKM – A Cap. Luzy po klaryskach to ponad 2500 jednostek i ponad 4000 kart. 27 rękopisów przechowywanych jest w kilku zespołach: sześć jednostek w zespole Zakon Klarysek w Gnieźnie (ZKG), zaś 21 w dziale Archiwum Kapituły Metropolitalnej - A. Cap. B – te ostatnie dotyczą spraw gospodarczo-rachunkowych. W grupie rękopisów można wyróżnić trzy kategorie: prawno-normatywne, czyli reguły i konstytucje (dwa egzemplarze), księgi liturgiczne (pięć) oraz ceremoniał obłóczyn, a także rachunkowo-gospodarcze. Ta ostatnia grupa jest najliczniejsza. Obejmuje dziesięć rękopisów expensów i\lub perceptów konwentu począwszy od najstarszego z 1613 r., ponadto inwentarz majątku wiejskiego klarysek z 1593 r. i dziewięć jednostek z drugiej połowy XVIII w. zawierających rozliczenia z poddanymi w mieście klasztornym Kostrzynie oraz wsiach należących do wspólnoty. Bezcennym kodeksem, wpisującym się w twórczość piśmiennicza klasztorów epoki nowożytnej jest egzemplarz zatytułowany: „Księgi wszystkich spraw konwentu gnieźnieńskiego zakonu S. Klary. To jest katalog wszystkich sióstr zakonnych w tym klasztorze od pamięci ludzkiej professowanych żywych i zmarłych. Przytem inwentarz wszystkich dóbr prowentów także i przywilejów tegoż klasztoru […] pilnie pisane w roku pańskim 1609”. Ma 802 papierowe strony na których znajduje się dukt kilkudziesięciu rąk. Jego tematyka to zarówno dane prozopograficzne, jak i gospodarcze (ponad połowa wpisów), a także informacje o realiach życia i funkcjonowaniu klauzurowej wspólnoty. Szeroki wachlarz informacji zamieszczonych w rękopisach pozwala na stwierdzeni iż mimo stosunkowo niewielkiego zbioru jest to spuścizna niezwykle cenna. Jeszcze większy ładunek informacji przynoszą akta luźne. Szczegółowe, żmudne badania, szczególnie rękopisów rachunkowo-gospodarczych, zawierających informacje o świecie rzeczy i ludzi, pozwolą w przyszłości na poznanie kwestii zarządzania majątkiem, kondycję finansową wspólnoty w XVI-XVIII stuleciu, w końcu sposobu funkcjonowania klasztoru w gospodarce miejskiej i społeczeństwie Gniezna epoki nowożytnej. Dopiero drobiazgowa analiza sprawi, że będzie można udzielić odpowiedzi na wiele pytań dotyczących spraw wewnętrznych konwentu, kultury materialnej i życia codziennego zakonnic, a przede wszystkim gospodarki klasztornej: dochodowości dóbr, bilansowania budżetu, struktury perceptów i expensów, poziomu życia zakonnic.
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