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On the Hulaguid Khans’ Attitude towards the Sufi Sheikhs

100%

Akhundova N.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

2023

issue 1-2 (285-286)

3-16

This article describes the historical role of Sufism in the adoption of Islam by the Hulaguids and explains why Sufism was the easiest approach for the Mongol pagans.This study also further supports the assertion that Sufism was one of the most successful forms in which Islam spread. The Mongol rulers, having established central power in the cities of South Azerbaijan – Tabriz, Sultaniye, Maragha – nevertheless endured constant pressure from the Mongol nobility, which unlike the ruling Hulaguid dynasty formed a serious political opposition. To establish themselves in this territory, the Mongolrulers needed the support of the local Muslim population. The only way to ensure this support was to accept Islam as a state religion, which was done by Ghazan Khan. However, this process took time. The Islamic religion seemed too complicated to the Turko-Mongol pagans and shamanists. The most accessible form in which the Islamic religion could be perceived was thus Sufism, which appealed to them with its mystical elements, tales of miraculous healings, and even curses of Sufi sheikhs. In turn, the sheikhs of the Sufi orders sought friendly relations with the Hulaguid rulers in order to achieve their highest goal – the spread of Islam. In return, the Hulaguid rulers gave them much financial and moral support, which the Sufis enjoyed (as clearly indicated in the letters of Rashid al-Din Fadl-allah, most thoroughly studied by E. Browne at the beginning of the 20th century). It was obviously a multi-hued process, rich with interesting events and accompanied by vivid episodes related in sources. I have collected and used wide-ranging examples from a variety of sources and scholars in one article. I cite the works of Al-Juvaini, Mustouvi Kazvini, Rashid al-din Fadl-allah, Fadl-allah ibn Ruzbihan Khunji, Tawakkul ibn Bazzaz, together with research, editing and translation of these sources by modern scholars.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATIONS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD THROUGH THE GLASS EVIDENCE

86%

Valiulina S.

Archeologia Polski

2016

vol. 61

113-169

Highlighting the unquestionable priority of the Volga trade route in contacts between the eastern parts of Europe and the East from antiquity and in the Middle Ages in particular is a comprehensive source analysis, centering on the most informative of these, that is, coins, glass artifacts and glazed ceramics. The Author presents the significance and perspectives of source-oriented research on medieval glassware from the middle Volga region. The specific character of the region, its key importance in many ethno-cultural, political and historical processes, together with its massive source base of glass artifacts (which includes adornments, glass tableware, window glass) opens a broad perspective for historical reconstructions. Not only can the direction and dynamics of international relations be defined, but it is also possible to establish levels of craft and urban culture development, as well as more specific site chronologies, all of which help in stratifying the towns of Volga Bulgaria by their social status within the state.

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1 Archeologia Polski

1 Przegląd Orientalistyczny

1 Akhundova N.

1 Valiulina S.

1 2023

1 2016

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On the Hulaguid Khans’ Attitude towards the Sufi Sheikhs

INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATIONS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD THROUGH THE GLASS EVIDENCE