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1

Jan III Sobieski i jego wpływ na odrodzenie staropolskiej sztuki wojennej w II połowie XVII wieku

100%
Nagielski M.
Tarnowskie Studia Historyczne
|
2011
|
vol. 2
70-88
EN
This article contains an abbreviated biography of John III Sobieski (1629-1674), Lord Standard-Bearer of the Crown, Grand Marshal of the Crown, Field Hetman and Grand Crown Hetman, King of Poland. The author first presents the period during which Sobieski gathered military education that he could later use as a commander in the battlefield. He presents Sobieski in the context of the times in which he lived to show the military skills of an extraordinary Polish commander and a connoisseur of the Old Polish military art. The author devotes much space to the use the highly maneuverable cavalry by Sobieski who used it to disintegrate the backups of the opposing army or to severe the lines of communication. The author also notes Sobieski’s communication skills when talking to the nobility at that time, which helped reduce the costs of conducting the war. By contrast, the author shows the defeats of Sobieski and their impact on the society’s attitude towards the leader. The author provides an overview of Sobieski’s achievements and defeats based on the individual campaigns and battles in which he fought. He also analyzes the changes that took place in the structure of the Crown’s army in Sobieski’s times, including the hussars, harquebusiers, light cavalry, and foreign infantry regiments. The article is a summary of the opinions of the Polish historiographers on Sobieski’s achievements who basically agree that Sobieski went into history as a brilliant commander, the one who defeated the Turks at the battle of Chocim and at the Battle of Vienna, as well as the man who helped to revive the Old Polish war art in the 17th century.
2

„Przewagi wojenne” Jana Zamoyskiego (1542-1605) – hetmana i kanclerza wielkiego koronnego

100%
Feduszka J.
Tarnowskie Studia Historyczne
|
2011
|
vol. 2
42-55
EN
This text is an overview of military events in which Jan Zamoyski was actively involved. He took part in numerous military conflicts – some of them marked the milestones in the history of Poland in the 16th and 17th centuries, others were of less importance for the history of our country but were still of significance for Jan Zamoyski’s future life and career as a commander. Overall, Jan Zamoyski became famous during the war against the Muscovites (1578-1582). It was during that war that Zamoyski gained his extraordinary skills in siege war conducted in a methodical manner and with proper material backup. An extraordinary and versatile military commander, Jan Zamoyski is an example that shows the connection between the traditional way of war in Old Poland and the modern European military art. Apart from his ability to choose the top people, his extensive theoretical and practical knowledge, Zamoyski also knew how to use every opportunity for turning his military achievements into political and commercial success. He was trying to encompass by himself all elements of military campaigns, including preparations for and conduct of such campaigns, as well as all elements of the battle field. He was interested both in the organization of the army, supplies and catering during the military campaigns, commandeering and direct actions on the battle field (Muscovite Campaigns of 1579-1581/82, war with Sweden for Livonia 1600-1601). At the same time, Zamoyski was also well-versed in diplomacy – both at the stage of preventing possible conflicts (Gdansk 1577), and during the negotiations following the capitulation of the enemy (Jam Zapolski 1582, Byczyna 1588).
3

Pierwsze lata wojny polsko-rosyjskiej (1609-1611) w relacji i opinii hetmana Stanisława Żółkiewskiego

75%
Juśko E.
Tarnowskie Studia Historyczne
|
2011
|
vol. 2
56-69
EN
The article discusses the initial phase of the Polish-Muscovite war (1609-1611) from the perspective of Hetman Stanislaw Zolkiewski, who was the key person during that conflict, and his work called “Poczatek i progres wojny moskiewskiej” (On the Beginning and the End of the Muscovite War). Stanislaw Zolkiewski was a protégé of Grand Crown Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski; he also supported King Sigismund III Vasa in his conflict with the Polish nobility. Over the years, he consistently climbed the career ladder both in the military and in the politics. Following his victory at the Battle of Byczyna (1688), he was promoted to the title of Crown Field Hetman. Zolkiewski’s greatest military success came on 4 July 1610 with his victory at the Battle of Klushino, when he defeated a numerically much superior Muscovite-Swedish army. The victory of Klushino is one of the brightest pages in the Polish military history. For the Polish forces, it meant the opening of the gates to the capital city of the tsars’ country and for Hetman Stanislaw Zolkiewski the capturing of the Moscow Kremlin. Unfortunately, the ideas of the Hetman did not fit into the plans of the Polish king, and with the particular policy of some of the Polish magnates, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost its chances in Russia and the ability to change the political situation in that part of Europe for ever.
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