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Olim tradita fuerunt? On the obsoleteness of the sollemnia verba in Inst. 3.15pr.

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Yiftach U.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2021
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issue 51
169-187
EN
According to the classical dogma, the act of stipulatio was performed through the exchange of sollemnia verba, which were, according to my working hypothesis, verbs introducing the duty to perform a future act, a concept lucidly displayed by Pomponian (Dig. 45.1.5.1), hence the ‘Pomponian tenet’. Documents preserved on papyrus, composed by ‘new-Romans’ after the Constitutio Antoniniana, exhibit a completely different concept: a stipulation-clause confirming a past, contractually significant activity. It is asked (but not conclusively answered) to what extend this alternative formulation has paved the way to the abandonment of the ‘Pomponian tenet’ by the emperor Leo in 472 ce (CJ 8.37.10). As we draw from Justinian’s interpretation of CJ 8.37.10 in Inst. 3.15.1, the sollemnia verba, the use of which became outdated after Leo, was not the language of the stipulation-clause as incorporated in the written documentation of the contract, but that of the act of stipulatio, which, as before, was meant in the keep verbal.
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House H10 from Marina el-Alamein on the northwest coast of Egypt

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Czerner R., Bąkowska-Czerner G.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
313-340
EN
House H10 was one of the buildings located in a Hellenistic-Roman city at the Marina el-Alamein site in Egypt, whose relics were the first to be discovered. Successive research, conducted since 1997 along with initial conservation work, has provided a comprehensive overview. The house is one of the largest and most extensive of this site. Its spatial design is a showcase for the technology typical of houses from Marina. The house is embedded in both Greco-Hellenic and Roman traditions. It is an oikos house with a courtyard with two columned porticoes situated symmetrically on either side parallel to the main axis. A third, perpendicular portico, complementing the layout of the incomplete peristyle, is imitated by the architectural decoration of the courtyard elevation, organised by semi-columns. The layout includes two main rooms located opposite each other on two sides of the peristyle. The house was rebuilt several times, which made for a complicated layout. The studies conducted have cast light on domestic religious practice and the distinctive character of the architectural and artistic interior design, including exceptional examples of figural painting. The architecture and décor of the house document the changes occurring at the intersection of Hellenistic and Roman traditions.
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Two Terracotta Incense Burners with ‘Horns’ and Vine Scroll Decoration from Tell Atrib (Egypt)

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Tybulewicz R.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2015
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issue 28
191–200
EN
Among terracottas found in Tell Atrib in the Nile Delta by the Polish-Egyptian archaeological mission, there are two incense burners with ‘horns’ and vine scroll decoration. Both objects were made from a double mould. The first one, found in 1989 (TA 89/166), is almost fully preserved; the second one, discovered in 1978 (TA 87/41), is just a small fragment of a similar object. Archaeological context allows to date the artifacts to the Ptolemaic or Roman period. The closest analogies are known from necropoleis in Alexandria, but similar objects are also attested outside Egypt. The soot traces visible on the better preserved specimen (TA 89/166) confirm that it was used for incense burning. The find context suggests that both objects could have been rather intended for domestic cult than for official religious practice or funerary rituals. The form of the burners, and the horn-shaped projections in particular, suggest their connection to the cult of Egyptian gods.
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