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1

The formation of Gratian’s Decretum as an example of the vitality of Roman law

100%

Alexandrowicz P.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

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2014

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vol. 3

13-24

PL

The formation of Gratian’s Decretum as an example of the vitality of Roman law Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant legal collections in the history of canon law and was the foundation of canon law science. It was compiled in about 1140 as the consequence of many important factors. Firstly, the creation of Gratian’s Decretum was the result of various trends appearing in the history of canon law. Secondly, Decretum was an answer to the changes taking place in the Catholic Church in the 11th and 12th centuries. Finally, the formation of Gratian’s collection was related to the revival of Roman law: the teaching of Irnerius’s work recovered Roman law and the relations between canon and Roman law. Decretum became a sign of the vitality of Roman law and the beginning of canon law. The importance of Gratian’s work consisted in the method of proceeding with legal sources. The new method resulted from both scholars’ achievements and those of medieval Roman jurists.

2

La réforme grégorienne et l’indépendance de l’Église dans la chronique de Cosmas

72%

Pérodeau A.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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2022

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issue 1

63-80

EN

This article deals with the views of Cosmas of Prague, the first Czech chronicler, on the role of the Church and its relations with the laymen. The Chronicle of the Czechs contains discreet but harsh critics against the so-called Gregorian Reform and its proponents. However, the dean of the Prague chapter shared with the latter the claim for a stronger independence of the Church and a clearer division between the religious and the secular worlds. Indeed, the chronicler criticized some of the bishops of Prague because they were mostly the servants of the Přemyslid princes at the expense of their episcopal duties. Moreover, he showed the damages caused by prelates who shared the way of life and the values of laymen, especially those who were from the Ducal dynasty. The Chronicle of the Czechs is also a mirror for the prelates of Prague and thus draws the portrayal of the ideal bishop, a figure embodied by Otto of Bamberg. This contribution is then aimed to show that the Chronicle is also a precious source of the Czech views on the major changes that occurred during the 11th and early 12th centuries in Latin Christianity. From Prague, the claims of Rome seemed quite absurd, but the Czech Churchmen shared the ideals of their Western contemporaries and were searching for a way to adapt them to the local situation and to put them into practice.

3

Concordia discordantium canonum Gracjana w kontekście sporu między imperium i sacerdotium średniowiecznej Europy

71%

Ryguła P.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2017

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vol. 15

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issue 2

23-35

PL

Primarily, Gratian is known as the author of the Concordia discordantium canonum and is regarded as the “Father of Canon Law” and the most famous canonist. In the title of the Decretum he included an idea which accompanied him during his work: it was reconciliation and coordination of inconsistent canons. As a lecturer of the School of the Law in Bologne he knew how important cohesion in law was and as a follower of the Gregorian Reform he knew, too, how important the Canon Law was in the dispute between imperium and sacerdotium. Both factions, i.e., the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope, in their right argumentation, appealed to the recognized authorities and the law. Both needed the law itself internally consistent as a source of these arguments. These issues, as mentioned in the title, are discussed by the author of the present article.

4

Podstawy ideowe władzy kościelnej i władzy świeckiej w myśli Grzegorza VII – analiza wybranych fragmentów pism z papieskiego regestru

58%

Zdziech K.

UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

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2024

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vol. 30

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issue 1

5-21

EN

The 11th century was a turning point in the history of the Latin Church. The internal need for reform and a moral renewal led to many changes in church structures and hierarchies. Due to the fact that the main force that carried out the reforms in the Church was the papacy, and its associated clergy , its position in relation to other bishoprics was significantly strengthened. Despite the fact that the period of religious reform and the growing importance of the Holy See lasted from the pontificate of Leo IX, Gregory VII is recognized as the most outstanding figure of that time in the history of the Church. It was after him that this time of changes in the Church was named the "Gregorian reform". Thanks to the fortunate survival of the register of Gregory VII, his views on the question of the ideological foundations of the spiritual and secular power are accessible even today. The most enlightening source is the note Dictatus pape, which is complemented by selected letters from Gregory VII addressed to secular monarchs. Gregory’s views on the nature of the authority of the bishop of Rome can be considered radical - he saw it to be the supreme power not only over the entire clergy but also over secular rulers.

PL

Wiek XI był czasem przełomowym w historii Kościoła łacińskiego. Wewnętrzna potrzeba reform i moralnej naprawy doprowadziła do wielu zmian w strukturach Kościoła i jego hierarchii. Ponieważ główną siłą, która przeprowadzała reformy wewnątrzkościelne, było papiestwo, a także kręgi duchowieństwa z nim związane, jego pozycja w relacjach z innymi biskupstwami znacznie się wzmocniła. Mimo że okres religijnych reform i wzrostu znaczenia Stolicy Apostolskiej trwał od pontyfikatu Leona IX, to Grzegorz VII jest uważany za najwybitniejszego przedstawiciela tego czasu w historii Kościoła. Właśnie od jego imienia okres zmian został nazwany „reformą gregoriańską”. Dzięki szczęśliwemu przetrwaniu do naszych czasów regestru tegoż papieża w dużej mierze można poznać jego pogląd na kwestię podstaw ideowych władzy duchowej i świeckiej. Najbardziej klarownym źródłem do ich poznania jest notatka Dictatus pape, którą uzupełniają wybrane listy Grzegorza VII wysłane do świeckich monarchów. Poglądy papieża na charakter władzy biskupa Rzymu można uznać za radykalne – widział on swój urząd jako nadrzędną władzę nie tylko nad całym duchowieństwem, ale także nad władcami świeckimi.

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1 Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

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The formation of Gratian’s Decretum as an example of the vitality of Roman law

La réforme grégorienne et l’indépendance de l’Église dans la chronique de Cosmas

Concordia discordantium canonum Gracjana w kontekście sporu między imperium i sacerdotium średniowiecznej Europy

Podstawy ideowe władzy kościelnej i władzy świeckiej w myśli Grzegorza VII – analiza wybranych fragmentów pism z papieskiego regestru