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EN
This article deals with three representatives of Reformation theology and their teachings on sin and guilt. Sin is a theological category that expresses the relationship of man coram Deo. Luther’s teaching speaks of sin as a change in one’s status toward radical rejection of trust in God. Guilt is forgiven in the process of salvation, but as it is expressed in Luther’s teaching about simul iustus et peccator, one’s entire life remains to be repentant. In Schleiermacher’s thought, sin is a change in self‑consciousness, and guilt is not greatly emphasised. Kierkegaard presents sin as a change of subject in the individual. Guilt is part of present existence and should be constantly present in genuine repentance. These approaches have in common the avoidance of the moralization of sin.
EN
What is sin, guilt and forgiveness? These questions are dealt with in statement of the Evangelical Church in Germany from the perspective of Protestant anthropology published in 2020. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the most important ideas of this EKD document, which are determined by its different parts: (1) Sin and the phenomenon of sinning; (2) The lost man and the Bible’s answer; (3) Places to experience guilt, forgiveness and reconciliation. These reflections certainly touch the fundamental message of the Reformation, which is the justification of the sinner. Many of these considerations can be very enlightening in the context of ongoing discussions about forgiveness and reconciliation between nations, the question of guilt and responsibility for it. As the authors of the analysed document aptly point out, no area of human life is free of experiences with guilt and sin. Forgiveness does not make sin undone, but it does make new beginning possible, that the world needs so much today.
PL
Czym jest grzech, wina i przebaczenie? Te kwestie zostały poruszone w opublikowanym w 2020 r. dokumencie Kościoła Ewangelickiego w Niemczech z perspektywy protestanckiej antropologii. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest podjęcie refleksji wokół najważniejszych idei tego dokumentu EKD, jakie wyznaczają jego poszczególne części: (1) grzech oraz fenomen grzeszenia; (2) zagubiony człowiek i odpowiedź Biblii; (3) miejsca doświadczenia winy, przebaczenia oraz pojednania. Refleksje te dotykają niewątpliwie podstawowego przesłania Reformacji, jakim jest usprawiedliwienie grzesznika. Wiele z tych przemyśleń może być bardzo pouczające w kontekście toczących się obecnie dyskusji na temat przebaczenia i pojednania między narodami, kwestii winy czy odpowiedzialności za nią, albowiem – jak trafnie zauważają autorzy analizowanego dokumentu – żadna dziedzina ludzkiego życia nie jest wolna od doświadczeń związanych z winą i grzechem. Przebaczenie zaś nie powoduje cofnięcia grzechu, ale umożliwia tak bardzo potrzebny dziś światu nowy początek.
EN
The presented paper reflects upon the possible causal link between sin and disease from the biblical, and also Christian, point of view. This tradition and its knowledge are confronted with the facts of other sciences. The paper seeks to reveal the complexity of the issue and its importance in specific areas of social work.
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