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Parlament und Organisation des Reichsgerichts der Österreichischen Monarchie

100%
Neschwara C.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2007
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vol. 15
61-99
EN
Constitutional review as an institution of modern democratic system - like nowadays in Austria - has the duty to guarantee the written constitution on the basis of republic principles. In December 1867 on initiative of the House of Representatives an Imperial Court of Justice was set-up mainly serving to check constitutional standards. The Imperial Court of Justice consisted of a president and his deputy as well as twelve full and four substitute members. The personal composition of the Imperial Court in a striking way did also reflect those elements of character, which its creators wanted him to dedicate. Its members mainly were kept in manifold functions to judiciary praxis and science; but activities at the Imperial Court in principle also were compatible with political offices. Most evitable got such connections with the political world in regard of parliamentary representations.
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THE MILITARY CAMPAIGN IN SILESIA BY THE IMPERIAL GENERAL MARTIN MAXIMILIAN VON DER GOLTZ IN THE YEARS 1640-1641 (Slezske tazeni cisarskeho generala Martina Maximiliana z Golce v letech 1640-1641)

100%
Kilian J.
Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 2
39-52
EN
Martin Maximilian von der Goltz (cca 1593-1653), born in Pomeranian area nearby Walcz, crowned his long military career in 1730s as a general and commander-in-chief of military corps in territories under the rule of Habsburgs. His most prestigious, but certainly not the most successful expedition was the campaign in Silesia, where he operated against the Swedish adversaries and their garrisons in fortified towns. At that time the main attack was concentrated against Jelenia Góra, finally occupied by Goltz. It was, however, captured without any glory, because the Swedish troops withdraw from the town in autumn 1640. During the winterbreak Goltz was going to prepare new actions for the next year, but the imperial logistics, not as good as the Swedish one, did not supported these plans. Therefore the cooperation between the Goltz´s corps with Saxon allies became very important. The Saxons were afraid that the Swedes could attack Lusatia just from Silesia. Goltz´s field manoeuvres were in this emergency a form of pulling the enemy away from the new lands of the Saxon elector. There was very close to a decisive battle between Goltz and the Swedish general Stallhans in the area around Krosno Odrzanskie, but it never happen. Thereafter Goltz turned to the South and captured several fortresses, the town of Luban included. Unfortunately he already suffered chronic illnesses: urolithiasis and podagra. Therefore in autumn 1641 the general resigned from his key post of the commander-in-chief and retired following the appropriate Bohemian rules.
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Poslední pokusy o záchranu a přestavbu Rakousko-Uherska (květen – listopad 1918)

100%
Proks P.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2008
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vol. 94
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issue 1
1-13
EN
In May 1918, the Habsburg Empire completely fell under the influence of Imperial Germany, thus severing all chances for separated peace with the Entente powers, which might have facilitated survival of the Danube state system. The Viennese political circles decided to comply with the German nationalists' demands to ensure German supremacy over Cislaitania. Similarly, hopes of democratic reforms in Translaitania fell down. This is why Slav nations turned away from staying within the Habsburg Empire and in collaboration with the Entente powers strove to create their own states. The Cislaitanian Germans got ready for the declaration of German Austria or even affiliation with Germany, while the Hungarian representatives fought hard against any democratic reforms. As the result of intensifying social and national disputes and the lost war, the Habsburg Empire started to disintegrate of its own accord, breaking into individual succession states in October and November 1918 (i.e. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Austria and Hungary). In addition, Italy acquired Trieste and Trident and Romania acquired Bukovina and Transylvania from the former Habsburg territory. In the ensuing developments, the new European arrangement became subjected to heavy sufferings during the world powers' struggles.
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Blaski i cienie polityki Habsburgów wobec Galicji

88%
Broński K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2012
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issue 887
5-19
EN
Galicia was treated by the Austrian authorities as an internal colony, but the degree of colonial subordination varied. The balance of the first, roughly eighty-year period of Austrian rule in Galicia was negative. This region was not covered by the reforms of enlightened absolutism implemented in Austria, Czech and Hungary; it was relegated to the Danube basin countries, where it remained a peripheral province, condemned to economic and social stagnation and cut off from traditional markets. It suffered the colonial politics of Vienna and was ignored in investments. However, the connection with the Habsburg Empire made it possible, especially for Eastern Galicia, to adopt the first pro-Western orientation. The Autonomous Era (from 1867) brought about significant changes in Galicia and the political system was an important factor in economic and civil progress. The import of culture was a phenomenon that brought numerous western European approaches to issues in public utilities, insurance and management. However, the colonial relationship between the metropolis and the province can be seen, for example, in the arrangement of the rail network built in Galicia, or the Vienna government’s economic policy towards the region. The colonial relationship of Galicia and the Habsburg Monarchy, still in evidence today, was manifest in the military sphere.
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THE CONCERT LIFE IN LWÓW IN 1790-1830 (Zycie koncertowe Lwowa w latach 1790-1830)

75%
Piekarski M.
Przegląd Muzykologiczny
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2011
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issue 8
93-114
EN
Lwów, previously one of the biggest and oldest Polish cities (now, after the Second World War, in the Ukraine), was in 1790-1830 an important musical centre. Its cultural core was a city theatre where numerous symphonic concerts took place as well as other dramatic performances. Music was also performed in some private houses and in churches. Since 1773 Lwów, as a city in that part of Poland which was annexed in 1772 by the Austro-Hungarian Empire (the first partition of Poland), became the capital of Galizia and Lodomeria, and was influenced by Vienna, the then musical capital of Europe. This was possible thanks to newly arrived citizens (mostly Austrian and Czech) who were coming to Lwów from various places in the Habsburg Empire and who then co-operated with the Poles and Russians. What was particularly close to the Viennese tradition were the oratorio concerts that engaged many musicians, both professionals and a growing number of amateurs. After the fashion of the Austrian capital, musical soirées were also organised in Lwów, where chamber works were played. The specific feature of Lwów was the multi-national character of its musical environment. In spite of the peripheral position of this city within the Habsburg empire, the musical life in Lwów was not provincial, which is proved by the presence of first-rate European musicians.
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FILOZOFIA A KULTÚRA STREDNEJ EURÓPY. REFLEXIE V. BĚLOHRADSKÉHO ALEBO „NEPORUŠILI SME ZÁKON“

75%
Geremešová G.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2013
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vol. 2
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issue 2
22 – 26
EN
The study analyses the philosophical and cultural atmosphere of Middle Europe as observed by the Czech philosopher Václav Bělohradský. Writers and philosophers such as Robert Musil, Joseph Roth, Franz Kafka, Stephan Zweig, Ludwig Wittgenstein and others identified their personal and literary (literary-philosophical) lives with the historically unique and unrepeatable concept of Middle Europe. The Habsburg Empire of the 19th century embodied the epicentre of such uniqueness. The above-named philosophizing authors recognized the future European crisis in the agony of the multi-national empire, and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire in their works reflects the crisis of the occidental rationality. The hypertrophy of science, scientific rationality and its significance to the detriment of human life and emotions signifies that the rational, the order, legality and law take precedence over the spiritual. The culmination of this hypertrophy is reflected in the loss of personal responsibility for one’s actions – Robert Musil’s “The Man Without Qualities“ is born; in the present it is a person who “did not break the law“.
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DIE PROBLEMATIK DER FELDMEDIZIN UNGARNS DER FRÜHEN NEUZEIT

75%
Kincses M. K.
Vojenská história
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2019
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vol. 23
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issue 3
7 - 43
EN
The task of military surgery was fulfilled by experts who practiced their job in guild frameworks: surgeons, leeches in Europe and Hungary in the early modern period. However, surgeon guilds limited the number of their members. Furthermore, these guild healers also operated in towns and in peace time, and were not prepared for the challenges generated by the spread of mass militaries. The number of healers was limited by the operational principles of the armies themselves. The profession of doctor strictly separated from the profession of soldier: the armies employed doctors and surgeons, perhaps pharmacists in commissioned officer ranks very rarely. The institution of military surgeon, professional military leech became widespread only by the end of the 18th century. In contrast to the views conceived in earlier professional literature, the present research paper shows that the leaders of the Habsburg state and military (for example, Lazarus von Schwendi, Montecuccoli, Miklós Zrínyi, or Prince of Transylvania Ferenc II Rákóczi) all sensed these problems, but the organizational structure, the infrastructure, logistics and the level of supply did not make it possible to solve them.
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Kontinuita nebo změna? Haličští konzervativci vůči projevům demokratizace, emancipace a modernizace v Rakousku na přelomu 19. a 20. století

75%
Łazuga W., Menz M.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2012
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vol. 20
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issue 2
235-244
EN
By the end of the 19th century the Polish-Lithuanian state declined and disintegrated. As a result, Malopolska, the southern part of the former state, appeared under the Habsburg rule and this new territory of their empire was renamed Galicia. For eighty years after the disintegration of the Polish state Galicia was the worst annexed territory. The local nobility had to quickly adapt to the new political order and law. The diet of nobility was converted into a diet of estates, instead of free vote there were now petitions to the throne. Local ruling nobles were replaced by the rule of foreigners, mostly Czech and German officials. The Galician conservatives were divided (not only geographically) in two parts: the West Galician group and the East Galician group. The first were called “stańczycy“, the latter “podolaci”. Comparing the two groups we can say that the conservatives of Cracow were certainly more open to changes. On the other hand, the conservatism of “podolaci” was “blind” and “absolute”, their program being limited to the slogan: “What will be here must be what was here”. Due to thein traditionalist attitudes the Polish conservatives failed to understand and accept “the modern world”. Therefore, they would never again play the same role as they did in the history of autonomous Galicia. Their vacated positions were taken by “modern” mass political parties.
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HISTORICKÝ KONTEXT SFORMOVANIA SÚČASNÝCH POLITICKÝCH IDENTÍT VÝCHODNÉHO SLOVENSKA A ZAKARPATSKA (STRUČNÝ NÁČRT)

63%
Geremešová G.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2017
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vol. 6
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issue 1
6 – 26
EN
The currently developing cross-border cooperation among the regions of Eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathia – part of the European Union’s strategy (“Europe 2020”) – can benefit from their common historic and cultural heritage. The general reference is to the impressive histories and the uncommonly complicated destinies of the regions’ individuals and their entire societies. Both phenomena have to be viewed in the geopolitical and historical context of (the often idealized) Middle Europe as a macro-region whose core was formed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia in their positions as a region (or regions) of the Middle European Habsburg Empire often lagged behind economically and societally compared to the West; they struggled with the religious and ethnic plurality, or more precisely, were intolerant of them. Their dramatic destinies were characterized by an uncertain statehood (unstable statehood coordinates), by their distrust against the political and religious elites; they could not fulfil their role as a barrier against the dangers from the East – Eastern Orthodox Russia and Muslim Ottomans.
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