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1

AUS DER NÄHE ODER AUS DER FERNE? ZU DEN HALLSTATTZEITLICHEN FUNDEN VOM ÖSTLICHEN TYP AUS MÄHREN

100%
Kozubová A., Golec M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue suppl 1
349 – 360
EN
In the present study, we deal with relatively numerous findings of eastern type from Moravia, which are dated to the whole stage HD. To provide more complex overview of those findings was at the centre of our interest, focused mainly on their cultural-spatial analysis and possible interpretations of their occurrence in Moravia. Four groups of their origin were identified. The analysis of these findings did not confirm the claims that their occurrence in Moravia is connected with the collapse of local groups of the East Hallstatt culture.
2

MUSIKINSTRUMENTE UND MUSIKAUSÜBUNG IN DER EISENZEIT MITTELEUROPAS – ANHAND VON BILDQUELLEN UND ORIGINALFUNDEN

100%
Eibner A., Eibner C.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue suppl 1
113 – 125
EN
Besides the already traditionally widely treated Iron Age music instruments, which slightly overstep the field of Situla Art, special attention is paid here to the musicians. In this paper the string and wind instruments known from the East Hallstatt region as well as Situla Art and forms of lyres from West Hallstatt region will be presented. Additionally, small figurines and original finds provide evidence of auloi, syringes made of various materials and carnices (these, however, from the La Tène period). Bells and ideophones are also attested in West Hallstatt region. Special attention is paid to the music practice, social status as well as the gender role of music players. Besides singing, many dance forms are attested; especially in East Hallstatt region the female musicians and dancers must be emphasized.
3

THE EARLY IRON AGE ELITE AND THEIR SEAT IN THE SOUTH WEST POLAND. A CASE STUDY OF THE MILEJOWICE SITE 19, WROCLAW DISTRICT

100%
Bugaj E., Kopiasz J.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2008
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vol. 56
101-115
EN
The paper discusses the emergence of elite within the Early Iron Age society in south western Poland taking under consideration evidence from recently Sleszów and analogy from adjacent regions (Bohemian new discovered fortified courtyard - 'Herrensitz' Opatovice nad Labem), as well as the just unearthed burial area in Silesia with richly furnished chamber graves (Domaslaw, Wroclaw district) support the authors view of visible deep social transformations and emergence of aristocracy in south western Poland, especially in the Hallstatt C period. New archaeological finds allow seeing that the discussed elite absorb cultural influences from the east via mid-Danube and from the south through the Alpine passes and adapt the Mediterranean ideas to its own social needs. In the conclusion the authors suggest that discussed region of Poland in the light of recent discoveries can be recognized not only as highly influenced by the Hallstatt culture but as a province of it.
4

Halsztacka klamra do pasa z cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej w Niezgodzie, stanowisko 1, pow. trzebnicki

100%
Ibragimow K.
Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. 53
5-17
EN
Cemeteries of Lusatian Culture and Przeworsk Culture identified in the early 1960s at Niezgoda, distr. Trzebnica, site 1 (Fig. 1) were excavated over a number of seasons (1960-1966, and later). More than 200 graves of Lusatian Culture and some 110 features of Przeworsk Culture were investigated (Kaletyn 1962, p. 300-302; Błażejewski 1998). Despite the scale of the fieldwork and substantial size of the cemeteries the results of this research are known only from a small number of very brief reports; the documentation from the fieldwork was broken up, similarly as the majority of the small finds from the Lusatian urnfield. The belt hook of interest (Fig. 2) probably originates from grave no. 30, excavated in 1960 or 1961. It is sub-lozengic in shape. One of its terminals is a hook, its opposite end is split in the form of a swallow’s (or dove’s) tail (schwalbenschwanzformiges Ende). Made of iron, with a length of approximately 10.5-11 cm, the belt book has numerous analogies in Poland, e.g., from Bystrzyca, distr. Oława, grave no. 7 (Fig. 3:1), and from Trzebnik, distr. Dzierżoniów (Fig. 3:2); a specimen with a slightly differently shaped terminal is recorded at Bystrzyca, distr. Oława, grave 2 (Fig. 3:4) and at Czekanów, distr. Ostrów Wielkopolski (Fig. 3:3). Belt hooks of similar construction were recorded at Lubiatowo, distr. Śrem, and Gutów, distr. Ostrów Wielkopolski. Some specimens were in bronze, e.g., the finds from Ligota Samborowa, distr. Strzelce (Fig. 4:1), and from Łany Małe, distr. Zawiercie (Fig. 4:2). The bronze belt hooks often had an ornamented surface. The most evident analogies to the belt hook from Niezgoda were traced to the Hallstatt cultures (Fig. 6). According to J. Kostrzewski (1922, p. 51) and M. Gedl (1991, p. 83), when discovered in Poland, this form of belt fastening is either an import or on imitation of Hallstatt models. The largest concentration of these forms is observed in e.g., south Bavaria, the upper Danube and the Rhine (Kossack 1959, Plate 154, C; Torbrügge 1979, p. 88-89), and also, in the Sava Basin in Slovenia (Röhrig 1994, p. 54; Stöllner 2002, Map 36). The largest number of finds in south Germany is observed e.g., in Upper and Lower Bavaria (Fig. 5:5, 7), and in Upper Palatinate (Fig. 5:1, 2, 8). A slightly smaller number is known from Middle and Upper Franconia. Definitely the largest number of analogies was identified in the material from the cemetery at Hallstatt, Upper Austria (Fig. 5:4, 6). They include a dozen-odd specimens with a swallowtail terminal (some of them ornamented), with a lateral bar, as a rule, round-sectioned, with knobs at the ends, or alternately, with a rectangular plate with three rivets. Other analogies are known e.g., from the valley of the Upper Danube, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia. Individual specimens are known from Brandenburg and from Saxony. The belt hook from Niezgoda is datable approximately to HaD1. This type of belt fastening appeared in Lusatian Culture under impact from the Hallstatt environment exerted on the Silesian Group of Lusatian Culture. However, in the light of the latest discoveries made in Lower Silesia, e.g., at Domasław and Milejowice, site 19, distr. Wrocław, it would appear that this region, rather than only being subjected to Hallstatt influence in reality formed its north-eastern outlying area (Bugaj, Kopiasz 2008, 111-113; Gediga 2010). The belt hook from Niezgoda represents interesting additional input to the research on the occurrence and distribution in Silesia of this type of belt fastening during the Hallstatt Period.
5

„VON DER HALTESTELLE OST ZUR HALTESTELLE WEST“. EIN BEITRAG ZU NEUEN HALLSTATT- UND FRÜHLATÈNEZEITLICHEN FUNDEN VOM ÖSTLICHEN TYP AUS OSTBÖHMEN

75%
Kozubová A., Mangel T., Jošková T., Beková M., Vích D.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 2
275 – 326
EN
The article deals with the cultural and spatial evaluation of new finds of the eastern type from the Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods discovered in the previous five years in Eastern Bohemia. The main point of our interest was to provide the complex overview of these finds, focused mainly on the provenience, chronological aspect and possible interpretations of their occurrence in Bohemia. Based on a detailed analysis of finds of the eastern type from the whole Bohemia, it was possible in terms of their origin to determinate four groups of finds, including those of the Vekerzug culture, and re-evaluate the chronological framework of the researched issues as well as interpretive aspects of their occurrence not only in Bohemia, but also in the broader Central European context. The occurrence of finds of the eastern type in Bohemia shows similar tendencies as in the neighbouring regions of the Eastern Hallstatt culture, especially in Moravia.
6

ZEICHEN HÄUSLICHEN SCHUTZES IN DER HALLSTATTZEITLICHEN HÖHENSIEDLUNG VON SMOLENICE-MOLPÍR, SÜDWESTSLOWAKEI. ZU ZWEI HÜTTENLEHMFRAGMENTEN MIT Z-HAKENVERZIERUNG

75%
Müller S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2012
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vol. 60
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issue 1
37 – 44
EN
The hillfort of Smolenice-Molpír on the eastern slope of the Malé Karpaty is undoubtedly one of the most important settlement sites of the northeast alpine Hallstatt culture. A multilateral fortification system, more than 60 house floors, a “cult place” and a cistern were excavated from 1963 to 1971 by M. Dušek. The lack of attention for this site can be traced back to the problematic publication of its features and finds. However, recent revisions of the selected materials provided promising new insights into the different topics regarding the settlement. The article deals with two fragments of burned clay from the house 46 and 54 of Smolenice-Molpír. Both clay fragments show partly destroyed decoration of Z-shaped and round elements. The pattern on the piece from house 54 could have been created by pressing a pendant, similar to the one published by N. Sándorfi, in the wet clay. The examination of artifacts from the Molpír settlement highlights the rare usage of the Z-shaped decoration; it can be observed, for example, on one of the two dense decorated loom weights from the house 17. The Z-shapes were also put on one of the famous bronze hands and cist lids from barrows of Kleinklein. Water bird headed pendants in Z-shape as well as depictions of the goddess with triangulate body and angular arms suggest an interpretation of the Z-shape as stylized water bird. Ornamenting the house wall with this pattern can be understood as a communication with the supernatural sphere to prevent mischief from the house and its inhabitants.
7

MONUMENTE DER AHNENVEREHRUNG? ZUR DEUTUNG DER HALLSTATTZEITLICHEN GRABHÜGEL VON NOVÉ KOŠARISKÁ

75%
Müller S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2012
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vol. 60
|
issue 2
343 – 364
EN
The 5 barrows of Nové Košariská are, even 50 years after their excavation, one of the key sites of the northeast alpine Hallstatt culture. In the article selected features of the burials are analysed and being set into relation with each other. Remarkable is the high diversity referring to grave construction and furnishing. The reasons for these strong differences can probably be attributed to the general developments and upheaval which are marked by the Hallstatt period. Obviously there was no set of detailed rules established with regard to the construction of elite burials. Another topic is the understanding of the grave as a whole. The current and widely accepted interpretation of the grave furnishing as a symposion is challenged and an alternative approach is presented. The elaborately only for the grave purpose crafted vessels as well as their placement within the burial can be interpreted as result of worship activities for the dead. If this interpretation is correct, the universal phenomenon of ancestor veneration could be identified as a reason for the rich and outstanding equipment of the graves. Ancestor veneration has, on a spiritual level, the function to make sure that the dead people do not disturb the life of the living and even that they support their descendants from the world beyond. In the material world the purpose of ancestor veneration can be seen in establishing or legitimizing the claim for power or for the dominance over a particular territory by a group of people.
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