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CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE TRIGGERED BY MORAVIAN MISSIONARIES IN THE BORDERLAND BETWEEN INDIA AND TIBET (FROM THE MID 19TH CENTURY)

100%
Beszterda F.
Lud
|
2004
|
vol. 88
237-249
EN
Moravian Brethren inhabited the borderland between India and Tibet since 1853. Over a century of their presence in this area, the European missionaries triggered cultural changes of different duration. This article describes changes in broadly understood agriculture and cultivation. As part of their activity in the area affected by missionary stations in Kyelong, Lahoul, Poo and Kinnaur, Leh and Ladakh, the Moravians started to grow rye and potatoes, which resulted in significant changes in the traditional structure of the local agriculture. They also popularized growing of green vegetables (lettuce and spinach) and root vegetables (carrots and turnips). These changes were of significant importance for the development of the local agriculture. Potatoes greatly increased the profitability of local agriculture and the consequences of growing vegetables have been significant until today. Today agriculture in the mountainous regions supplies agricultural produce to the internal sale markets. Moravian missionaries also started engineering work, attempting to introduce artificial irrigation. This work was continued after the missionaries had left the area, and contributed to the development of private farming. Moravians opposed home production of alcoholic beverages - they promoted sobriety and supported legislative work, which introduced licences for alcohol production. Missionaries started to make the local communities aware of how much agricultural produce is wasted when it is used to make alcohol. Moravian missionaries introduced a gallows plough and a spinning wheel. A gallows plough is still used today. The popularity of the spinning wheel, which replaced manual wool spinning, should be credited not so much to the missionaries but to the development of the khadi idea in India. Attention should also be drawn to the role of the Moravian missionaries in popularization of fruit tree farming. Today it is probably the most important element of the agricultural culture and proceeds from this sector balance or exceed total proceeds generated by other types of farming.
2
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ON SEXUAL CUSTOMS OF PEASANTS IN 16TH-18TH CENTURY POLAND. CONSENT AND PUNISHMENT

100%
Wislicz T.
Lud
|
2004
|
vol. 88
45-63
EN
The article addresses some problems of rural sexual customs in the early modern times. It is based on village court books and other legal and literary sources. From the end of the 16th century, a particular moral code was gradually being applied to the sexual life of peasants as a result of the pastoral work initiated after the Council of Trent in 1545. The role of the traditional system of values was restricted. Basically, the autonomous peasant sexual ethics was much less strict than the model advocated by the clergy. For example, sexual activity by unmarried men and women was tacitly approved on condition that some standards were observed. The peasant culture also permitted divorce of couples and justified some cases of adultery, giving spouses some sexual freedom. However, in the second half of the 18th century the standards of sexual ethics of the Polish peasants were made much stricter - pre-marital sex was not approved, stricter control over married couples was exercised, some deviant behaviours were not tolerated. Civilisational changes were not far-reaching, however. There was no position on masturbation. Methods of courtship and techniques of sexual intercourse continued to exhibit many archaic features.
3
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Sliby evangelních rad ve světle okružních listů chudých školských sester de Notre Dame

100%
Jakšičová D.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2011
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vol. 26
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issue 1
77-87
EN
The article outlines opportunities for application of the circulation letters, which were sent by the general superiors of female monastic congregations of the 19th and the second half of the 20th century, for historical anthropological research into modern-period monastic communities. The research can involve various aspects of spirituality and everydayness of the communities. A reflection on promises of the Evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity and obedience in the circulating letters of the School Sisters of Notre Dame can serve as an example.
4

PREHĽAD VYUŽITIA PROGRESÍVNYCH METÓD V HISTORICKEJ ANTROPOLÓGII V PODMIENKACH SLOVENSKA

88%
Tonková M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2016
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vol. 20
|
issue 1
282 – 289
EN
In archaeological context, anthropologists focus on determination of main characteristics of human population, for example age, sex and ethnic origin. Overall, historical skeletal remains preserved as a complete intact skeleton is very rarely. Main factors which modify state of human bones in post-mortem interval are context and method of inhumation, environmental and ecological factors, biological aspects of an individual (age, dietary) and taphonomical changes affecting the organism after its death. Therefore, it is essential to approach to the evaluation of the historical skeletal material with available anatomic-microscopic methods, histological and molecularbiological methods.
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