Search results - CEJSH

1

Paměť a propaganda. Dějiny habsburské monarchie jako učebnice vědy o vládě v díle francouzských osvícenských historiků

100%

Ondo Grečenková M.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2009

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vol. 24

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issue 1

199-230

EN

This essay offers one of the plausible interpretations of the history of the Habsburg monarchy and establishment of its society as it was presented to the public by French enlightened historians. It views their works through the eyes of contem-porary readers and elaborates on the information and knowledge of the world and politics which they might have achieved by reading the works. The essay contemplates on the reasons which made French authors deal with the history of the Habsburg monarchy and explains principles which they applied in the process. The central section of the paper concentrates on enlightened interpretational models that described historical events and closes with contemporary argumentation on the “order” of historical progress of the nation. The new political situation and alliance between the Habsburg monarchy and France, which was sealed by a marriage of Maria Theresia’s daughter and the future French king in 1756, called for broad publicity and ideological support from the French public. There was a good reason for official and non-official propaganda to promote an idea of happy future for both nations. Historical discourse served as one of the genres, which facilitated this mission. Although enlightened historiography promoted strict rules for historical writing, the final effect of a historical text on the reader seemed to be more important than adhering to the principles. The historio-graphic work was thus governed by facts that produced the most suitable information about improving the society and its advance towards harmony and order. The proclaimed principle of enlightened criticism and objectivity faded away in favour of promoting history as a school of morality and politics. Historical interpretation was governed by a fundamental enlightened explanatory model based on a conception of the society and the nation performing on the principle of unity of the aggregate and its components. Individual sections of this model (i.e. the people’s manners, the rulers and relations between these categories) were judged by the principle of a bi-polar system of contradictions: e.g. good/bad, they/we, enlightened ruler/tyrant, order/chaos, etc. This system allowed authors of historical works to lead a dialogue with current affairs and apply schemes of enlightened rulers, ideal mannerism and good rule on concrete historical examples. Neither mannerism nor ruling methods were conceived as historical categories, but their assessment corresponded with 18th century concepts. In this way, Empress Maria 230 Theresia could have become the “enlightened” ruler just like the legendary Forefather Čech from the dawn of history. Rather than underlining specificities, such historical interpretations of the Habsburg monarchy involved universal historical and political issues, which might have been identical with the history of a different country. Historians became more involved in the specificities when they started vindicating absolute power within the Habsburg monarchy, in which Bohemian lands and the Hungarian Crown played a major role. Even here, the bi-polar interpretational model (positive/negative, absolute power/estate monarchy) was applied. The French interpretational models, which were applied to the history of the Habsburg monarchy, epitomised a portrait of an enlightened society. They steered interpretation of historical progress towards the principles of enlightened political philosophy – i.e. “scholarship about ruling” as it was often referred to in contemporary terminology.

2

INFANT MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWNS OF FRYDEK AND MISTEK AT THE TIME OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION FROM THE OLD REGIME TO THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE REGIME

63%

Lipovski R.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

21-48

EN

Frequent deaths of children deeply influenced the general death rate in the past. The curve of infant mortality nearly created the curve of general mortality, because very many new-borns died during the first year of life. This was affected by the standard of breastfeeding in a given society, so the rate of infant mortality was markedly different locally. The infant mortality in towns of Frydek and Mistek kept above 500 per mille until the mid-19th century and it droped below this limit as late as the second half of the 19th century, though slightly. In Frydek, the perinatal mortality was lower, but the foetal mortality was higher than in Mistek. Causes of deaths were taken into account too, nevertheless only within the classification of diseases used at that time, it means especially the rate of various accidents, including abortions, the extent of influence that infectious diseases and avitaminosis exerted on the death rate.

3

THE DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OF 'DISGRACED' WOMEN IN THE ESTATE OF JINDRICHUV HRADEC IN THE 17TH AND THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY

63%

Dibelka J.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

5-20

EN

The study draws on research on interrogation records connected with vice crime in the Jindrichuv Hradec estate in the years 1670-1710. In 142 cases handled, criminal fornication was by far the most prevalent crime and it was the easiest offence to prove. However, the women offenders, who were usually between 20 and 30 years of age, did not have to worry just about punishment from the authorities, as a woman was above all at risk of losing her honour. Therefore women used various defensive strategies that were intended to ensure them the least possible damage to their honour and could even help them to restore it. Most often a woman defended herself with the claim that prior to sexual intercourse her partner had offered her marriage. If that claim proved true, the woman's behaviour was regarded to some degree as legitimate. Another possible defensive strategy was to accuse the man of rape or throw blame on someone else. Both men and women tended to cite their alleged drunkenness as a mitigating circumstance. However, many women and men accused of criminal fornication never served their sentences

4

COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BY RELIGION ON STATE ESTATES IN 1802

63%

Velkova A.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

109-137

EN

This study examines the religious composition of the population on so-called state estates, which included estates administered by an official body, but also by the Religious, Study and Endowment Fund, or Charles-Ferdinand University. The research is based on a survey event that took place on the estates in 1802. Analyses revealed that a majority Catholic population lived on the estate. This was particularly typical of western Bohemia. Conversely, the Protestant tradition was confirmed in the eastern Bohemian estates, especially Podebrady and Pardubice, and also the estates of Vetrny Jenikov and Stredokluky. While on the estates of Pardubice and Vetrny Jenikov Protestants were concentrated in particular areas, in Podebrady the co-existence of Catholics and Helvetians was quite common. With regard to the Jewish population, unlike the Protestants there were Jews living in most of the state estates, but the proportion of the population they represented was much lower, around less than 1%, and it was more a matter of individual families.

5

CZECH VILLAGES. THE CENSUS AND BUILDING NUMBERING IN 1770 IN BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SILESIA

63%

Tantner A.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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vol. 30

EN

In this article the author presents some of the results from his dissertation, which he successfully defended at the University of Vienna in 2004, and which is soon to be published. The census of the population in 1771/72 was much larger than the previous census taken for military purposes and intended to serve as the basis for a new system of army recruitment. The numbering of buildings was carried out simultaneously. The census process was complicated and time-consuming, especially in Moravia. The census was supplemented by lengthy reports from the military bureaus about the social situations in individual countries, which present very strong criticism of the prevailing conditions in the monarchy. In some cases the numbering of buildings met with resistance from the population, whose comments are cited in the article.

6

Siedziby dziekanów dekanatu brzeźnickiego w diecezji kujawsko-kaliskiej w XIX w.

63%

Szkutnik P.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 2

167-181

EN

The article surveys the residences of the deans of the Brzeźnica deanery in the 19th c. The seats of the deans were parsonages in the parishes in which they acted as parish priests. The source basis of the article are inventories customarily drawn up at the introduction of a new parish priest. At the time in question the deans resided in Kamieńsk, Pajęczyn, Brzeźnica, Wiewiec and Dobryszyce, primarily in town parishes. Their residences were wooden parsonages with shingled roofs, except for one brick building. The value of the brick parsonage exceeded the sum value of the other four ones. The buildings were not very old but they often needed repairs. On the average, a parsonage was 163 square meters in area; it had a porch, a vestibule, rooms, a hall, a dressing room, closets, a kitchen, a larder and servants rooms. One of the parsonages had a garret, the other had lofts. The parsonages also had cellars. The inventories mention various parts of the interior, such as ceilings, walls, floors, doors, windows and stoves, which were usually of higher quality and in a better condition in the priest’s rooms than in the servants quarters. Priests leaving parsonages often left them in a condition that required renovation.

7

THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE URBAN POPULATION DURING THE PLAGUE YEARS IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES (CESKE BUDEJOVICE 1680)

63%

Holasova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

5-28

EN

This article provides what did the epidemics meant for common people in 16th and 17th centuries and how the public administration was influenced. The situation during the plague outbreak in 1680 in Ceske Budejovice was analysed. The town was important trade center of South Bohemia with many business contacts. Although the town was not deeply affected, plague outbreak influenced negatively mainly its economy. Therefore local craftsmen and tradesmen tried to keep up their livelihood rather than act to prevent the outbreak and spread of the epidemic. At first the town council attampted to keep a secret the presence of epidemic inside the town. Rules and order were respected only as long as they did not interfere with the regular town life or as the situation in the community did not dramatically deteriorate. In the study there is mention of social inequality of people faced with the plague outbreak: nobility were able to flee before the outbreak, the poor had to remain and often lost their lives.

8

'WE PROMISE TO LOVE, HONOUR AND OBEY ONE ANOTHER, TILL DEATH DO US PART'. THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY AND 'FRIENDS' ON THE CHOICE OF MARRIAGE PARTNER - TREBON IN THE LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY

63%

Mrazkova J.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

53-107

EN

The study is based on an analysis of marriage licences that were drawn up among the rural population on the estate of Trebon in the late 18th and early the 19th century. One of the main aims of the study was to test the use of this source in historical research and also to acquire an idea of the influence of the family and rural society on a person's choice of marriage partner. The marriage licenses analysed in the study, like wills, convey something of the collective mentality that was characteristic of the society under observation and reveal the everyday life of specific individuals. In previous centuries the entire family had engaged in choosing a person's marriage partner and even other members of the village community indirectly influenced this choice. An important role was played by 'friends', that is, people from the immediate surroundings, who served as a form of social control, and through their 'friendship' legitimised the position of the marrying partners. If a person chose an inappropriate partner they risked losing their 'friends', and future life in the village would be considerably more difficult and circumscribed.

9

PARISH REGISTERS IN THE CZECH LANDS UNDER THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS (Cirkevni matriky ceskych zemi v pozornosti badatelu)

63%

Melkesova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2008

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vol. 32

5-56

EN

This article presents an overview of literature produced in the past century and a half in connection with the study of parish registers. This includes studies by historians, historical demographers, anthropologists, and professional genealogists, and even short articles by amateur enthusiasts. Each work is presented within the context of legal history and the changing methodological approaches to working with parish registers. Parish registers provide a record over several centuries of christenings, marriages, and burials, and as such they rightly rank as an exceptionally significant written source, since in scope and content they form an extraordinarily rich source of information for research on human history. For this reason they have been and will continue to be the subject of great attention from individual researchers and groups of scientists.

10

Rekonstrukční a predikční mapy v archeologii

63%

Kuna M.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2007

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vol. 34

252-260

EN

In archaeology, spatial information is far more important than in other historical disciplines. Archaeological sources do not contain a message in the form of a text, but their message is included in their material form and spatial context. Spatial distribution of artefacts is, therefore, one of the key factors for the understanding of them. Maps and plans of various scales and types appear in all phases of the archaeological research. In the field, plans are an important part of the primary documentation which, in the end, substitutes the archaeological record itself since this is inevitably destroyed by the very excavation. The secondary documentation of finds uses maps, too, mainly for the study of distribution of archaeological types - only in the form of a map it is possible to visualize their spatial patterns and to understand their meaning. There are, however, at least two types of maps the contents of which necessarily go beyond the empirical data; both of them find a wide use in contemporary archaeology. The reconstruction maps are generally understood as maps completing the missing parts of the objects of the map and/or presenting the objects of the map in their expected past form. Predictive maps in archaeology appeared as a consequence of new research chances brought by the technology of geographical information systems in 1990s. Predictive maps are based upon the study of the relation between the past settlement behaviour and some of the landscape features. Altitude, distance from the water source, slope gradient and orientation, visibility and visual dominance of a place, as well as geology and soil cover should be mentioned as elements upon which predictive maps of the archaeological potential may be constructed. The search for the predictive value of various landscape features can largely contribute to a theoretical understanding of the economic, social but also symbolic systems of the past societies. Next to this, predictive maps can find a wide use in the archaeological resource management, e.g. in planning the building and mining areas as well as in planning archaeological rescue excavation within them.

11

SUBURBAN GAMES AND ENTERTAINMENT. LEISURE TIME, HOLIDAYS AND CEREMONIES IN THE COMMUNITY OF GOCLAW IN 1918-1939

63%

Wozniak A.

Etnografia Polska

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2004

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vol. 48

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issue 1-2

221-252

EN

Goclaw belongs to the district of Warsaw called Grochow, on the right side of the Vistula river. In the years 1918-1939 Grochow was a large and quickly developing district, whereas Goclaw was its least urbanized part, resembling the neighbouring villages more than the urban areas. The society inhabiting Goclaw was diversified in many respects: ethnic, religious, professional. Those who were better off had German ancestry, were Lutherans of the Augsburg Confession and lived mainly on farming. The Roman Catholic Poles owned very small farms. They were in different trades, did odd jobs. In the 1930s., due to economic crisis, great part of them were unemployed and suffered great poverty. Some were employed in public works or were on dole. For most families their own houses and small plots of land provided some kind of security in case of unemployment. People inhabiting the suburb of Goclaw in the years 1918-39 lived in a community resembling, to a considerable degree, a local community of the traditional type. They had preserved social ties characteristic for such kind of community - kinship and neighbourly ties which gave sense of security to individuals and families in case of crisis. That system of social bonds and sense of solidarity were supported and reinforced by common celebrating of rituals of annual cycle and life cycle as well as particular forms of entertainment. On the other hand it was the economic crisis of the 1930s and poverty that contributed to setting back the urbanization and development of the suburban district. Poverty made it difficult for the residents to enjoy all kinds of entertainment offered by the city life. The previous way of life of the suburban community got unsettled. Frequent contacts with neighbouring villages, culturally similar, confirmed and supported their value system.

12

ČRIEPKY Z DIVADELNÉHO OBRAZU SÚČASNEJ SLOVENSKEJ DRAMATIKY (VYROVNÁVANIE SA S MINULOSŤOU)

63%

Podmaková D.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 2

141 – 160

EN

Since the 1990s, Slovak drama has been increasingly affected by contemporary Western drama and it has developed its own appearance. Since the beginning of the 21st century, all forms of its structure, content and scenic interpretative means have been referred to as “new drama“ for convenience. At the beginning of this new path of the development of contemporary drama, some dramatists or authors of drama were inclined to work with a traditional building up of the drama text. A number of them purposely broke the compactness of form and content and favoured film language with its rapidly sequenced events and thoughts. The new drama characters are heroes of our time, stripped bare of niceties, oftentimes acting against the backdrop of the older stories of individuals or historical time periods. For instance, the dramatisation of Rozner‘s prose Sedem dní do pohrebu (Seven Days to Funeral) or Klimáček’s plays about Gustáv Husák and the communist era. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution some drama texts build on an indirect contrast between hope for a change for the better and the current state of society. The first one is about coming to grips with the past by using a form of art documentary of a drama text. The second one is the appearance of sitcom, a television genre, on the stage whereby the text is being created during rehearsals and the authors seek themes and shape their attitudes towards the protagonists of their stories. The project www.narodnycintorin.sk is a good example of this. Here, two worlds meet: the personalities of Slovak history, active literary and political figures, and the personalities of our present time. The third strand of texts builds on corruption in its sophisticated form, involving business companies and political interested parties. The author analyses some productions which may be included in the above streams of new Slovak drama.

13

SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL AND TERRITORIAL STRATIFICATION OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CESKE BUDEJOVICE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

63%

Novotny M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

117-146

EN

The secondary and post-secondary schools that provided essential education to just a small percentage of the male population in the first half of the 19th century played an irreplaceable role in the formation of the future elites in early modern society in the Czech lands. The Bishop's Seminary (founded in 1804), the Philosophy Lyceum (1803) and the Piaristicke Gymnasium (1762) became a strong attraction for young people from Ceske Budejovice, where the schools were located, and from all of Southern Bohemia and the surrounding areas, who were longing for a higher education. Between 1800 and 1848, 4909 boys studied at the gymnasium, most of whom were from families of tradesmen and architects, and there was also a large proportion of boys from families of teachers. Between 1803 and 1846, 2556 students of the Philosophy Lyceum enrolled in the first year of study, mainly from tradesmen and agricultural families. The lyceum's catchment area was very similar to that of the gymnasium. The social and territorial composition of the theology students (1618 in total) was very similar to that of the Philosophy Lyceum, which was also from where it received the most students.

14

Pýthagorejská akúsmata

51%

Vitek T.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2008

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vol. 131

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issue 3-4

345-377

EN

In antiquity acousmata were considered as an authentic record of Pythagoras' words, whose sense was concealed from the uninitiated by dint of their cryptic form. Later, mostly non-Pythagorean authors attempted to reveal it so that they divided them into tree groups and provided allegorical interpretations for them. As they were living in different epochs and following different interests, they differed from each other both in the wording and the explanation of single acousma and in acceptation or not into their collections. Largely these interpretations were created with respect to probability (eikotologia) on the basis of comparations with other Pythagorean material, but some authors did not hesitate to interpret very violently and fabricate their own acousmata (Iamblichus). The extant fragments of collections are very heterogeneous and mutually almost incompatible; that is why it is impossible to believe that they represent the doctrine of the oldest Pythagoreanism (or even Pythagoras himself) as a whole. Presumably the original acousmata did not hide any other sense as their main aim seems to be a regulation of human behaviour in magic-ritual sphere. The interpreters transformed acousmata into rational ethical rules, but it is controverted, for instance, with identity of acousmata with older - sometimes transcultural - magic-superstitious prescriptions. The first collection of acousmata was published in mid-4th century B. C. in the circle of pupils of Aristotle. No interpretations were appended to it, but its author already manipulated with the material in order that he might intervene in contemporary discussion on the character of the oldest Pythagorean teaching and the measure of Pythagorean heritage in philosophy of his period (especially in the philosophy of Plato). This author should be Aristoxenos who was dealing with Pythagoreans very intensively and 'creatively', but the hypothesis cannot be corroborated with any direct proof.

15

Sovětizace jako výkladový problém

51%

Vykoukal J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2007

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vol. 15

287-301

EN

The paper focuses on interpretation of Sovietisation as a matter of geography, chronology, and a political process. As a consequence of the Cold War period the interpretations of Sovietisation, being under the strong impact of manichean conceptions of the postwar development as well as of the propaganda schemes, have focused either on internal transformation or on the Soviet expansionism following the turn at the Eastern front in 1943. The paper tries to define fundamental features of Sovietisation in terms of a comparative framework manifesting the affinities and differences of political and socio-economic processes taking place in both, Western and East Central Europe as well. The main goal is to grasp Sovietisation as a process which can be understood within the context of other historical trends emerging in modern European history and not only as a part of exclusively post-war development.

16

Parlament und Organisation des Reichsgerichts der Österreichischen Monarchie

51%

Neschwara C.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2007

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vol. 15

61-99

EN

Constitutional review as an institution of modern democratic system - like nowadays in Austria - has the duty to guarantee the written constitution on the basis of republic principles. In December 1867 on initiative of the House of Representatives an Imperial Court of Justice was set-up mainly serving to check constitutional standards. The Imperial Court of Justice consisted of a president and his deputy as well as twelve full and four substitute members. The personal composition of the Imperial Court in a striking way did also reflect those elements of character, which its creators wanted him to dedicate. Its members mainly were kept in manifold functions to judiciary praxis and science; but activities at the Imperial Court in principle also were compatible with political offices. Most evitable got such connections with the political world in regard of parliamentary representations.

17

PROCESSES AND TENDENCIES OF RENEWING IN MAKING FOLK MUSIC INSTRUMENTS

51%

Garaj B.

Ethnomusicologicum

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2005

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vol. 4

197-208

EN

Slovak folk music instruments are permanently changing. The paper documents the changes taking place in the last 10-15 years. Besides of social, economic a culture changes, those caused by organizations etc. are supplemented by concrete musical and technical aspects, as: actualization, adaptation, changing of function and place, stratigraphy, deepening specialization and professionalism in making instruments, watching their technologies, material, the used tools, principles of construction, contributing also to individual variability, tendencies of unification and norms. An important role played by festivities, festivals, meetings of the makers of instruments, also schools, workshops and many other events can accelerate interest. Media, internet access, media editions of CD a DVD improves the possibilities for the use of musical instruments in new function and social setting, e.g., the foundations of special societies for different instruments.

18

KDY SE ZRODILA TEORIE SPRAVEDLIVÉ VÁLKY V ZÁPADNÍM KULTURNĚ-CIVILIZAČNÍM PROSTORU?

51%

Rigel M.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2023

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vol. 78

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issue 1

40 – 58

EN

The effort to periodize the birth of just war theory in the western cultural space is characterized by a lack of consensus. An overview of academicians’ proposals to place the origins of just war theory on a timeline unveils the surprisingly vast span of the theory’s history. This paper takes an unconventional approach to the problem of defining the period of its creation by turning attention to the use of language. It conducts a semantic analysis of the concept of “theory”, demonstrating the various sometimes conflicting uses of the term within the field. It argues further that this greatly complicates discussions about determining the beginning of just war theory. The final part provides a general reflection on the essential characteristics and the very nature of just war theory as a field of study. The paper concludes that some of the specifics of the discipline make it virtually impossible to answer certain questions about the theory’s origins (as well as about the identification of an undisputable founding figure).

19

[recenzja:] Bartłomiej Paszylk, Książki zakazane, Warszawa − Bielsko-Biała 2009

51%

Ciszewska W. A.

Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne

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2010

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vol. 3

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issue 2(5)

186-186

EN

A review of a book on 'prohibited books'. The various reasons for censorship (social, moral, religious and political reasons) as well as their results were described. A question whether a book can potentially pose a threat was raised.

20

HISTÓRIA ČACHTICKÉHO HRADU OD JEHO POČIATKOV PO OBDOBIE ROZPADU NA ZRÚCANINU

51%

Janura T.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2013

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vol. 17

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issue 2

43 – 63

EN

The Čachtice Castle was built in the second half of the 13th century. Brothers - counts Pongrác and Peter from family Hunt-Poznan - can be considered its founders. During the period 1437 – 1567 the most significant owners were members of Orzag family (Országh de Gut). Michal Orzag achieved the highest social rank. He successively carried out functions of the royal treasurer house-master and finally, he held the office of the palatine. After the extinction of family Orzag, the castle came into the possession of families Nádasdy, Drugeth, Forgách and Révay. From this period we have several descriptions of the castle´s internal division at disposal. These documents are the only evidence describing the destroyed spaces.

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