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1

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE FORMER HIGHER TECHNICAL SCHOOL IN GDANSK (1904–1945). STRUCTURE, TEACHERS, IDEAS (Oddzial architektury w dawnej Wyzszej Szkole Technicznej w Gdansku (1904–1945). Struktura, wykladowcy, koncepcje)

100%
Bernhardt K.
Rocznik Historii Sztuki
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2010
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vol. 35
115-137
EN
The Higher Technical School was established in 1904 in Gdansk and existed to 1945, when it was transformed into the Gdansk University of Technology. Since the very beginning the School had a department of architecture. The Department, together with its members, teachers and students, is still little known. The present article focuses on the history of the Department, starting off from the posit that it was characterised by different attitude towards architecture which allows us to put forward the hypothesis of the ‘Gdansk school of architecture'. An important stimulus for its establishment was provided already during the initial discussion about the formation of the department, when it was said that due to the historical substance of Gdansk buildings, architecture should be taught from an artistic angle. This idea and the views of Friedrich Ostendorf who in 1904 was appointed professor of Medieval architectural design at the Department could be regarded as the starting point for the Department's tradition which for decades was developing - through right personal policy and curriculum - the basis for learning architecture in Gdansk. An important point of reference was the belief that there existed timeless rules of planning and designing and it was possible to isolate them from the studies of old architecture. The participation of the Department members in the creation of urban and architectural landscape of the city at the end of the 1920s and in the beginning of the 1930s marked - as could be concluded from the research conducted so far - the culmination of the process.
2

OUTLOOKS OF HELENA AND SZYMON SYRKUS UPON ARCHITECTURE IN THE YEARS 1925-1956 (Poglady Heleny i Szymona Syrkusów na architekture w latach 1925-1956)

100%
Pilatowicz J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2009
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vol. 54
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issue 3-4
123-164
EN
Helena (1900-1982) and Szymon (1893-1964) Syrkus were the originators of functionalism in Polish architecture. At their suggestion, and particularly at Szymon Syrkus' suggestion, was set up a group 'Praesens', which gathered architects, painters and sculptors, and propagated functionalism, standarization and prefabrication in architecture. An inspiration was a practice of Le Corbusier, Jacobus Johannes Oud, Kazimierz Malewicz (suprematism) and building solutions, among others in Germany and in the United States of America. The gathered in 'Praesens' architects designed and realized ahistorical and extremely modern architecture - for instance, a planned and built in 1929 by Szymon Syrkus Pavillion of Fertilizers, which was exhibited during Public National Exhibition in Poznan, and consisted of exhibition hall and 30 metres long tower of steel construction. Helena and Szymon Syrkus worked actively on behalf of International Congresses of Modern Architecture (Les Congrés Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM)), delivering speeches and co-authorizing the programme - among others, the Athenian Charter (1933). After 1945 they changed their outlooks radically and declared then for Soviet architectural solutions that in Warsaw are symbolized by the Palace of Culture and Science, which was enthusiastically welcome by the Syrkus. At the same time, they presented an extensive self-criticism and distanced themselves not only from their inter-war outlooks, but also from Le Corbusier and Kazimierz Malewicz. Their opinions about architecture in the years 1945-1956 are illustrated by the enclosed archival materials. The Syrkus, and especially Helena Syrkus, did not make any attempt at explaining their radical change of views and resumption of the programme of the inter-war period in 1956. The fact of relinquishing vanguard outlooks in 1945 was probably caused by a tissue of several circumstances: radicalization of political views (they were active members of the Polish Workers' Party and the United Polish Workers' Party); experiences of World War II - Szymon Syrkus was kept imprisoned in Oswiecim (Auschwitz) and other concentration camps on the territories of Germany (1942 - 1945), and Helena Syrkus was kept in labour camps in the vicinity of Wroclaw (1945); misgivings about their lots in the period of struggle against cosmopolitism and Zionism in the USSR and other contemporary socialistic countries in the years 1948 -1953; and inclination to make a career - they probably looked forward to key positions in the Academy of Architecture, which had to be patterned upon the Sovietic models according to their conception.
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ARCHITECT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION. SUPERVISION OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN THE YEARS 1777-1793

100%
Maczynski R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1-2(29-30)
7-88
EN
The paper discusses issues connected with the office of the architect of the Committee for National Education (KEN), focusing on the functioning, objectives and actual projects overseen by the office. The topics have not yet been subject to research, and so the study is based exclusively on source materials. It uses both published documents, but also makes recourse to a wide-ranging library search made at the Central Archives of Historical Records (AGAD) in Warsaw and the Archives of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. The study has also relied on a compilation and analysis of all the preserved iconographic documentation, consisting of photographs of pictures in a portfolio of post-Jesuit constructions, which was destroyed in 1944. The need to establish the office of architect of KEN stemmed from the fact the Committee was responsible for all kinds of construction work in buildings of the schools in its charge; it also formed part of the wider context, with a state construction service beginning to be organized in the second half of the 18th century. The first and only person to hold the office, for a tenure of sixteen years, was Stanislaw Zawadzki. Educated in Rome, Zawadzki was a laureate of the Clementine Competition and a member of the Academy of St. Luke, and had designed many military, residential and church buildings in the Classicist style. His stint at the post of architect of KEN can be divided into three distinct periods: 1777-1780, which was a period of stock-taking of post-Jesuit property taken over by KEN; 1781-1787, when KEN was responsible for planning and supervision of work to adapt and repair buildings of tertiary schools; 1788-1793 - when KEN had to curtail its activities for political and economic reasons. Most extensive among the projects for which the architect of KEN was responsible were the reconstruction schemes for school buildings at Plock, Luck and Lublin. Other projects - notably those at Kalisz, Leczyca and Sandomierz, as well as in Warsaw and Poznan - were limited to minor adaptations, repairs or alterations. All of the modernization schemes were utilatarian in character, but they provided a good testimony of the ingenuity of their designer. Unfortunately, Zawadzki could not fully display his talent and architectural knowledge within the scope of work commissioned by KEN. This was due to two factors: on the one hand, KEN constantly lacked the necessary resources and had to follow a rigorous austerity programme, and on the other, the system KEN had created was inefficient - one architect was in no position to supervise work conducted simultaneously in a number of cities and towns spread far and wide around the country, with not enough middle-level technical staff to be relied on for that purpose.
4

Gmach poczty we Wrocławiu-Leśnicy jako siedziba urzędu państwowego Rzeszy w latach 1894-1929

100%
Gruk W.
Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka
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2013
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vol. 68
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issue 3
67–87
EN
The article concerns the conditions surrounding the Post Office building in Leśnica, in the suburbs of Wrocław (currently a part of Wrocław) erected in 1894-1896 then enlarged in 1928-1929 in context of the development of Post Office construction throughout the German Reich, which from the architectural standpoint and concerning building size was highly standardised throughout the state. Using materials from the archives the decision-making process concerning the construction, reconstruction, expansion and normal use of the building was recreated. There were also attempts to establish to what extent the building in question met with standards of the time whereas the functional, aesthetic and ideological aspects were concerned. Whereas the functional aspect was concerned the issue was of topographical localisation within the city, as well as how its size and chamber configuration suited the required use. Whereas the aesthetic and ideological issues were concerned there was a problem of conforming the building to the style forms befitting both the statue of a government building and the surrounding architecture of elegant manors. The issue was resolved due to analysis of relevant iconographic frames and communication with Post Offices of Leśnica and well-known Post Office construction architects from Wrocław and Berlin as well as Eduard Freytag, a private investor and constructor. Resulting from these actions was a building project which was a model example of Post Office architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
5

JURIJS VASILJEVS AND THE HISTORY OF LATVIAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Jurijs Vasiljevs un 20. gs. otras puses Latvijas arhitekturas vestures zinatne)

100%
Bruzgule M.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2001
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vol. 2
101-111
EN
On January 8, 1998, the Latvian architect and architectural specialist Jurijs Vasiljevs (1928-1993) would have celebrated his 70th birthday. A monumental research project to which Vasiljevs devoted his entire life, all of his knowledge and experience - The History of Latvian Architecture - was never completed nor published. This enormous work was divided up into various subjects, and it included more than 40 scientific papers and two important books. Vasiljevs was interested in individual architectural monuments and ensembles, in the structure of city planning and building in Latvia, in various architectural styles, and in the work of master builders and architects. Jurijs Vasiljevs joined the ranks of architectural specialists in 1951. A critical reevaluation of the country's architectural treasures in a spirit of vulgar sociological interpretation was seen as the foundation for Socialist architecture. Vasiljevs successfully defended his Candidate of Science dissertation at the end of 1955, and he was assigned to take over the development of the topic. Vasiljevs had enormous academic abilities, and the research work took on an entirely new quality. The work continued even after the Institute of Architecture and Construction was closed down in 1963. After 1985, when Vasiljevs was working at the Andrejs Upits Institute of Language and Literature, he proposed the establishment of a collective research project, 'Art During the Feudal Period in Latvia'. At the same time he was working on a book-length research project, 'Architectural Specifics of Latvia's Cities during the Period of Feudalism'. In the last report on his scientific work, covering the period between 1991 and 1993, he wrote: 'A factual and methodological foundation has been established for a fundamental research on Latvian architecture and urban construction, and it would be important to complete this work, receiving financing for the period 1994-1996, because the true significance of the Latvian architectural and urban construction heritage has never been reflected in a broader context.
6

JURIS VASILJEVS AND RESEARCH OF THE SACRED ARCHITECTURE IN LATVIA (Juris Vasiljevs un Latvijas sakralas arhitekturas izpete)

88%
Dirveiks I.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2008
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vol. 7
155-177
EN
The architect Juris Vasiljevs (Yury Vasilyev, 1928-1993) is one of the most renowned specialists of sacred architecture history in Latvia in the second half of the 20th century. Research in the history of architecture is Vasiljevs' central vocation materialised in several dozens of scientific publications and two monographs. This contribution was made possible by the researcher's versatile personality that allowed solving general art-historical questions from the widest variety of aspects and differently from other opinions. The history of theories, hypotheses and conclusions related to research of the sacred architecture in Latvia is rich in successes, surprises and errors. Theoretical schemes devised by historians of art and architecture are in fact completely dependant upon the basic information - the primary source of written evidence and the object itself. It is known that archival records on the oldest monuments are very limited. So a major part of work concerns searches for influences and analogies, assessing the formal traits and the overall background of historical events. Many publications testify to respectable results. Still we should not forget that theories are based on a very flimsy ground - the idea of the architectural object itself. Research of sacred architecture faces objective difficulties conditioned by the specificity of churches. Detailed inspection of the building is largely possible only during major repairs and reconstruction works. These are rarely carried out in churches in comparison with, for instance, dwelling houses. Many generalisations and hypotheses are made after approximate visual inspection whose quality is directly dependant upon the researcher's experience, skill, responsibility and honesty. Incomplete basic information can generate a chain of further misunderstandings and errors. But there are several authors whose work in the phase of initial research has stood the test of time. One of the most prominent figures in the 2nd half of the 20th century is the architect Juris Vasiljevs. Vasiljevs' contribution to the history of Latvian art and architecture is considered several times. He maintained that high-quality research is possible only on the basis of a complex study.
7

JURIS VASILJEVS AND RIGA: SUBJECTIVELY SELECTED SKETCHES (Juris Vasiljevs un Riga: subjektivi atlasitas skices)

75%
Dekante H.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2004
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vol. 4
151-162
EN
The architect and architecture historian Juris Vasiljevs (1928-1993) stands out as one of the most prominent explorers and champions of Riga architectural heritage what was the key subject of his enthusiastic research and teaching practice. Vasiljevs' daughter, architect Helena Dekante reiterates her father's creative biography from his first arrival in Riga at the age of 16 in 1944 to his last articles in the early 1990s. Illustrated by extensive quotations from Vasiljevs' Riga-related publications and the author's own memory episodes, these 'subjectively selected sketches' vividly recreate the life-long relationship of the scholar to his city as a story of particular love, professional concern and devotion. Living in Old Riga, Juris could not accept the violent post-war deconstruction of the damaged buildings, and at his graduation from the Faculty of Architecture of the Latvian University in 1951, he dared to plan the destroyed steeple of the St. Peter's Church as reconstructed in his graduation project of the Republican Library. The dissertation on Neoclassicism in Riga architecture of the late 18th and early 19th centuries (1955) was followed by a comprehensive monograph on the same subject (1961, in Russian) that remains the basic treatise about this period in the architecture of Latvia. The work on the guide 'Riga. Architectural Monuments' (1971, in Russian) was an opportunity to pay particular attention to Old Riga, 'the unique, magnificent pearl of the Baltics', as he praised it in the introduction. Vasiljevs co-authored the album 'The Dom Cathedral Architectural Ensemble in Riga' (Leningrad, 1981, German, Spanish, French and English editions) and contributed to several dictionaries. In the 1980s his special concern was the Latvian section of the reference guide to Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in the series 'Artistic Heritage of the USSR' (1986, In Russian). Vasiljevs' last studies showed a growing scholarly interest in figural reliefs as meaningful memorial marks in the transition period from the late medieval Riga to that of the modem times.
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