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Nowe metody prezentacji rzeźby terenu : trójwymiarowe modele, kreskowanie i poziomice - zarys od XVI wieku do 1799 roku

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Szaniawska L.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

2011

vol. 20

issue 2(39)

9-50

The drawing of the Earth surface, one of the basic elements of general geographic maps, proved to be the most difficult task for cartographers in the period of the intensive development of the modern cartography, i.e. in the XVIth-XVIIIth centuries. Despite these difficulties – or maybe thanks to them – many methods and ways of presenting the physical features of the land have been invented and applied. This article presents methods that have been used since the second half of the XVIth century, i.e. the three-dimensional terrain models, the hatching system and the isolines (contour lines). The three-dimensional terrain models (mockups) were made either for informative or exclusively artistic purposes. They usually presented battlefields, towns with their fortifications and foregrounds, landscape (especially when it was picturesque and when there were considerable elevation differencies in it). The oldest preserved models dating back to the XVIth century had both an informative and a military character. Their task was to help to develop a strategy and to carry our a battle on a previously defined terrain. Such models were developed i.a. in France at the times of Louis XIVth. The three-dimensional models presenting mountainous landscapes were used for informative, educational or esthetic purposes. They presented the most picturesque regions of the mountains. In the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries, most mockups that had been made up until then presented the most imposing parts of the Alps – mainly the Swiss Alps. More accurate models and maps presenting the land relief could be made thanks to the development of the practical geometry and perspective drawing. The ways of perfecting the drawing of large-scale cartographic presentations were explained i.a. by J. Dilich, S. Marolois, A. Freytag, J. Naronowicz-Naroński in their handbooks for architects, surveyors and war engineers constructing or expanding fortifications. The most imposing cartographic achievement, based on astronomic and geodetic measurements made at the end of the XVIIth century, was a topographic map of France in the scale of 1:86 400, in which the hatching system had been applied to present the physical features of the land. Until the end of the XVIIIth century, this method had become widely used not only in Europe but also in the United States. The isolines joining points of equal elevation above the measured object were used for the first time in the Netherlands for making drawings on maps of sheets of water. On these maps, the isolines indicated the depth of the bottom of the river in relation to the sea level. The attempt to use the isolines - that is contour lines - to depict the mainland was rejected for a long time. Its inventor was Marcellin Du Carla-Boniface who he did not live to see it being widely used. The French Academy of Sciences refused to accept it as “a method too difficult for to understand for readers”. The drawing of contour lines on general geographic maps in the scales of topographic maps found wide application only after World War I.

Portolany w renesansowych atlasach żeglarskich Angela Freducciego z 1554 i Antonia Milla z 1583 roku

80%

Szaniawska L.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

2012

vol. 21

issue 1-2(40-41)

153-172

Portolan charts - manuscript maps drawn predominantly by cartographers connected with Mediterranean culture - described mainly maritime areas and adjacent coastlines. Equipped with complementary descriptions, portolan charts presented geographical objects and their mutual relations. They served the purposes of navigators sailing around the Mediterranean and neighboring basins. Together with successive explorations of new maritime routes and lands they covered also the Atlantic Ocean as well as the North and Baltic Seas. The earliest representations of portolan charts date back to the 13th century, yet their production continued up until the beginning of the 18th century. Among the main features common for this type of cartographic presentation there are: - map structure dependent on line configuration of compass points and roses (derived from surveying magnetic directions and distances covered); since the half of the 16th century it was complemented by lines of longitude and latitude (on the basis of latitude measurement performed on decks of sailing ships), - elaborated map drawing in line with exaggerations of scale of lands' and islands' coastline, - selective marking of toponyms and distinguishing their importance and features by using different colors of pigments, - determining political affiliation of objects, mainly ports and fragments of coastline (without demarcating borderline on the map), - limited level of geographical information regarding interiors and uncharted territories, - including data provided by geographical explorations. The paper deals with comparative analysis of two atlases of the 16th century, comprising only portolan charts: the earlier one - a nautical atlas of the Old World, drawn in 1554 by Angelo Freducci, a cartographer of Ancona, and the later one - copied in 1583 by Antonio Millo, a Greek cartographer residing in Venice.

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2 Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

2 Szaniawska L.

1 2012

1 2011

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Nowe metody prezentacji rzeźby terenu : trójwymiarowe modele, kreskowanie i poziomice - zarys od XVI wieku do 1799 roku

Portolany w renesansowych atlasach żeglarskich Angela Freducciego z 1554 i Antonia Milla z 1583 roku