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Pierwszy komunikat o odkryciu polonu zredagowany i własnoręcznie napisany przez Marię Skłodowską-Curie

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2011
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vol. 20
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issue 1(38)
7-18
EN
AIM: Analyzing and duplicating a genuine hand-written French text of the first statement about discovery of polonium presented to Academy of France on July 18, 1898, which was written with few corrections in Maria Skłodowska-Curie's own hand, together with its exact translation into Polish. 
RESULTS: In a manuscript one cannot find any corrections written in own hand of Piotr Curie, who was mentioned as the first author of the statement. The authoress - Maria Skłodowska-Curie - set her name to the statement as the second signatory in the following form: 'Mme (previously, in a crossed out version: 'Madame') S. Curie'. In her signature the authoress placed a letter 'S' as an initial of her maiden name Skłodowska (and not as an initial of the name). The statement was published in the columns of Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Française. Previously, in the statement, which was issued by the same periodical, the authoress presented her surname in a version: 'Mme Skłodowska-Curie'. So, she was anxious to insist on the fact that both of the statements came from one person. A way of setting the name to the discussed statement caused that some authors describing the discovery of polonium mistakenly considered a letter 'S' to be an abbreviation of the name. 
CONCLUSION: Formulating and writing in Maria Skłodowska-Curie's own hand the first statement about the discovery of the first radioactive element - polonium - confirms some authors' opinion, and particularly Polish ones', saying that a credit for a discovery of a new type of chemical elements - radioactive elements - should be primarily given to Polish scientist Maria Skłodowska-Curie, and not to her husband - Piotr Curie - who was a famous French physicist.
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REFLECTIONS ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOODS IN POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, FROM 1800 UNTIL THE DISCOVERIES BY JUSTUS VON LIEBIG (Rozwazania nad pozywnoscia pokarmów w polskich publikacjach..od 1800 do ..Justusa von Liebiga)

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Trojanowska A.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2009
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vol. 18
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issue 1-2(35-36)
73-110
EN
Discoveries in the field of animal or physiological chemistry made at the end of the 18th century set a new direction for research on the functioning of living organisms and the processes of nutrition. The observations by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, who proved that the process of respiration was similar to that of carbon combustion, and that digestion must be proportional to respiration, gave rise to describing life processes by means of chemical reactions. Research on the chemical composition of food enabled scientists to learn their nutritional value. From the beginning of the 19th century publications appeared in Polish scientific journals whose authors combined practical recommendations on nutrition with attempts to present new theories on the impact of nutrients on the functioning of the human body. Such issues were discussed, among others, in a cycle of articles by an unknown author entitled 'O pokarmach chemicznie rozebranych, jako wplywajacych na utrzymanie zycia i zdrowia' (On food chemically analysed as influencing the sustenance of life and health) (Nowy Pamietnik Warszawski, 1803-1806) and the study by Jedrzej Sniadecki entitled 'O pokarmach, napojach i sposobie zycia w ogólnosci we wzgledzie lekarskim' (On food, drinks and lifestyles in general from a medical perspective), which took account of his theories of organic beings (Dziennik Wilenski 1815). Since the 1840s an ever growing influence on principles of nutrition was exerted by the animal chemistry of Justus von Liebig, who introduced a new division of nutritional substances that took into consideration their role in the organism. Polish scientists showed a keen interest in the research by Liebig, which resulted in his works quickly gaining widespread acceptance, with many of them being translated into Polish.
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EUSTACHY GRYSZKIEWICZ-TROCHIMOWSKI (1888-1971) - CHEMIST (Eustachy Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski (1888-1971). Chemik)

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Morawski B.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2011
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vol. 56
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issue 2
45-81
EN
Eustachy Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was born on April 17, 1888, in Kowle on Volhynia. Having graduated from classical grammar-school in Human, he began his studies in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science in the University of St. Wlodzimierz in Kiev. His scientific interests in chemistry appeared already during university studies. This fact attracted his teacher's attention - a distinguished organic chemist - professor S. N. Reformatski (1860-1938). The first works he published in the years 1908-1909. In 1910 professor Reformatski appointed him to a post of assistant in laboratory of organic chemistry within Higher Women Classes. In 1913 Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was employed as an assistant professor, and as a lecturer in chemistry was appointed to a post of professor in Higher Institute of Trade. After professor Reformatski had retired in 1917, Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was appointed to a professorship and took over a chair in Organic Chemistry Department. In 1925, having moved to Poland, he resigned from academic career. Having returned to Poland, he began to work in Research Institute of Chemical Weapons, in which took up systematic and extensive research works over arsenoorganic compounds, and combinations including fluorine. He worked out an original method of producing an unavailable compound of oxym of phosgene, which later was widely used, and also beyond the army. The combination was available just by dint of the method that was introduced by Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski. In Poland the method of producing oxym of phosgene was concealed, and the compound was produced under a secret name TSD together with sulphuric yperite. Moreover, Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski took up intensive scientific researches on synthesis of halogen derivatives of aliphatic, and aliphatic and aromatic ketones. In the second half of the 1930s, together with the closest co-workers - doctor Adam Sporzynski and Lieutenant MA Jakub Wnuk - he worked out a new method of synthesis of organic-fluoric combinations. The method was kept in the strictest secrecy and was revealed in 1942 to the English by doctor Sporzynski while visiting Great Britain. The results of the Warsaw research works were laid before professor of the University of Cambridge - H. McCombiem, who presented them as his own discovery, and who took a patent for the method. While doing research works in the Institute, Eustachy Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski with an approval of army administration since January, 1929, started to work in Industry and Trade Establishments of Chemistry - L. Spiess & Son. Co-operating with the company for 10 years, he elaborated and applied the modified methods of producing many synthetic remedies, and worked out a program of establishment's production that could easily conform with the modern chemical and pharmaceutical factory. The program in the post-war period was continued almost for two decades. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was the only chemist in Poland, who did his research works over synthetic healers. In the period of occupation he worked for a while in the company 'Spiess'. In 1943 he was informed of the murder in Katyn of his co-worker - captain doctor Wnuk. A perspective of annextion of Polish territories by the Soviets was for him a serious threat and thus he started making attempts at leaving for the west. He left the country under unknown circumstances and found himself in France. After the end of World War II he published a great many of his works that earlier had been kept in secret. In France he was employed in the military scientific and research institution - Centre d'Etudes du Buchet - and was engaged in works over a French program of defence. Having lived to be seventy nine, died on February 25, 1971, in Brazil.
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Robert Boyle as a sceptical alchemist

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2004
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vol. 13
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issue 1-2(25-26)
123-183
EN
The article contains ample fragments of Robert Boyle's dissertation, The Sceptical Chymist, which have been translated into Polish for the first time. Boyle adopts the position of a sceptic in order to criticize, or even in fact to reject the view of the followers of Aristotle and Paracelsus on the nature and number of elements of which all substances were to be composed of. He lists in detail the conditions that must be met by a substance for it to be recognized as a chemical element, but he gives no concrete example of a substance which would meet such conditions. It is for that reason that Aristotelian conception of four elements lingered on in chemistry for another one hundred years. Unlike most other naturalists of his times, Boyle adhered to the corpuscular view of the texture of matter and it was from such a perspective that he criticized the Aristotelian view of fire as a purifying factor, i.e. a factor that linked similar things and separated dissimilar ones. In Boyle's view, fire - or strictly speaking elevated temperature - fragmented a substance into small corpuscules, which might then combine in many ways, recreating the original substance, or forming a new one. Also espousing a corpuscular approach, Boyle argued that as a result of crystallization and distillation of liquid mixtures, the original components of a mixture could be isolated or a new substance might be formed. In such cases Boyle used the term 'compound', but he did so in a general sense, for in the 18th century the meaning of the term was not determined to the extent that it is nowadays.
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The history of the narcotic element

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Lichocka H.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2004
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vol. 13
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issue 1-2(25-26)
113-121
EN
The notion of narcotic element functioned in science for less than a hundred years, so the history of the origin and development of this concept is but an episode in the many centuries of history of science. For that reason it may have escaped the attention of researchers. Just like other substances that were once called vegetable elements, the narcotic element occupies very little space in the historiography of chemistry and pharmacy. At the break of the 18th and 19th centuries, its concept constituted one of the hardest problems to solve in phytochemistry. Ample evidence for that is supplied by historical sources in the form of original scientific studies from the 18th century and the initial decades of the 19th century. Those studies were published as books, or as contributions to scientific journals in the field of chemistry and pharmacy, which began to appear in European countries at that time. Attempts to isolate and identify the narcotic element constituted an important direction in the development of knowledge on the chemical components of plants, especially poisonous and intoxicating plants. Such attempts were the immediate and today almost altogether forgotten cause of the discovery of narcotine, morphine and other alkaloids. In the light of those discoveries, it became obvious that there was not one but many substances that had an intoxicating effect on human and animal organisms. The concept of a narcotic element thus ceased to be necessary. From the 1820s onwards, it began to appear in literature less and less frequently. Thus, the existence of an element which, just like the elements of Aristotle or later the triada prima of Paracelsus, was a carrier of a property, came to end. This element was the product and at the same time one of the last remaining vestiges of alchemy, which corroborates the opinion that, for many centuries, until the beginning of the 19th century, alchemy had constituted a very important chapter in the history of thought.
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POLISH PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES AFTER 1945. PART ONE: 1945-1960

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Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1-2(29-30)
309-367
EN
The paper presents an overview of research topics in the field of physical chemistry conducted in Poland in the years 1945-1960 based on a search in a number of Polish chemical journals: 'Roczniki Chemii' (Annals of Chemistry), 'Przemysl Chemiczny' (The Chemical Industry), 'Sprawozdania Polskiej Akademii Umiejetnosci' (Reports of the Polish Academy of Learning), 'Bullletin de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences', 'Wiadomosci Chemiczne' (Chemical News) and on bibliographical information sent in by particular scientists. The paper starts with a discussion of the relaunching of the activities of chairs and divisions of Physical Chemistry that existed before 1939 and the establishment of new research units of this type at universities, technical universities and research institutes after World War Two. It then goes on to list the topics of research according to particular branches of physical chemistry. A total of over 1100 publications have been taken into account. The first studies in physical chemistry after the war continued the topics of pre-war research, with new research topics appearing in the following years, and some branches of physical chemistry beginning to acquire the status of independent domains within chemistry.
7
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"Odkrycie" vestium/rutenu

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Sioda R. E.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2012
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vol. 21
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issue 1-2(40-41)
203-226
EN
The discovery in May 2011 in the archives of the Académie des Sciences - Institut de France in Paris of two letters of June and October 1808 of Professor Jan Śniadecki (1765-1830), vice-chancellor of the Vilna University, enabled to obtain new, interesting facts regarding submitting the discovery of new metal called Vestium by younger brother of vice-chancellor, Professor of chemistry at the University, Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768-1838). The article also contains a transcript and Polish translation of both letters.
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