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1

WAYS OF APPEARING NEW BRANCHES IN MEDICINE IN THE YEARS 1800-1914. AN ATTEMPT AT FORMULATION OF AN ISSUE. (XIX-wieczne drogi powstawania specjalizacji w mwdycynie w latach 1800-1914 (Próba ujecia zagadnienia))

100%
Urbanek B.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2009
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vol. 54
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issue 3-4
99-112
EN
A process of appearing medical branches lasted for many centuries. Its origins can be found already in long-ago civilizations. However, the comprehensive development of knowledge on the turn of the 18th century, its transmission by the press, professional contacts, including the foreign ones, brought about the consciousness of needs and activities in medical circles. A significant role in the process of appearing particular domains was played by technological progress. The inventions improved on cognitive processes within natural sciences and quickened exploring the new truths that were also employed in medical care. All these achievements of the 19th century, in authoress' opinion, resulted in the significant development of particular domains called branches that nowadays are commonly accepted. Among medical and important for the development of separate branches one often mentions the achievements of pathological anatomy, and even bacteriology, which influenced the beginnings of medical analytic and development of diagnostics. Moreover, the progress of therapy in the years 1840-1870 brought about modern methods of getting pharmaceutical remedies and ways of using medicaments. The knowledge together with experiences let prepare description of particular diseases. There was also created a scientific workshop and methodological tactic, which was distinct for separate cases of illnesses. A great role was played by statistics and different ways of registering particulars, also by means of photography. Bibliography and scientific literature were to transmit and compare the knowledge. All these circumstances show the intricacy of the discussed issue. Additionally, the described conditions reveal the importance of other reasons that played a significant role in setting up separate specialization - non-medical reasons of social, economic or political nature. The last ones have not been analyzed inherently by us. What interesting, in some countries and especially in Anglo-Saxon lands, the non-medical reasons have been a significant subject of historical interests and studies already since the half of the 1940s. Also the authoress' article is treating on them.
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KOUMISS AND KEPHIR AS FOODSTUFFS AND MEDICINES. DISCUSSIONS IN POLISH MEDICAL JOURNALS OF THE SECOND HALF OF 19th CENTURY

80%
Trojanowska A.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1-2(29-30)
293-308
EN
Beverages based on fermented milk began to attract the attention of official medicine in the second half of the 19th century, first in Russia but later also in the lands of Poland and in Germany. Using observations of the practices of ethnic groups in southern and eastern Russia, where koumiss or kephir were traditionally consumed, it was concluded that the beverages could be effective in treating tuberculosis and diseases of the alimentary tract. At the same time, a number of studies were undertaken to establish the chemical composition and the curative properties of koumiss and kephir and to investigate the processes of milk fermentation. The research soon revealed that those beverages did not contain any specific ingredient that would be effective in treating tuberculosis. It was noted, however, that beverages based on fermented milk could be an effective supplement in treating a number of diseases that led to the emaciation of the body. Polish scientists were among the first to take an interest in the curative properties of koumiss and kephir, and to start research on the two beverages. This is testified to by a number of papers published in the period of 1860s -1880s in Polish medical journals. The uses of koumiss and kephir in medicine were discussed in publications by, among others, E. Milosz (1868), Wiktor Jagielski (1871) and Boleslaw Lutostanski (1872); the chemical composition, microflora and fermentation processes were discussed in works by Aleksander Weinberg (1869), Franciszek Fijalkowski (1875), M. Heilpern (1886) and Leon Nencki and Aleksander Fabian (1887).
3

Souvislosti česky psané tištěné literatury o moru 16. století

80%
Tomicek D.
Listy filologické (Folia philologica)
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2007
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vol. 130
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issue 1-2
43-60
EN
Analysis of the 16th century Czech printed literature about the plague shows clear links, both thematic and compositional, with the older tradition of the scholastic medical literature. Treatises about the plague are based on the sex res non naturales theoretical framework that was still applied in the 16th century. Towards the end of the century, however, the scheme starts to give way to lists of collective safety recommendations. This emphasis on collective security (of the town or the community) appears to be a new trend of the time, at least as far as literature on the plague is concerned. Medical doctors no longer focus on the risky life-style of individuals, but rather persuade the community to take measures preventing the spread of the disease. In this connection the work of Martin Repanský should be mentioned as one of the most progressive writings on the topic, influenced by the theory of contagion, according to which the plague is spread by small particles. The dialogue about the plague written by Jan z Bakova shows that religious authorities and medical doctors may have had conflicting views on the aetiology and prevention of the plague. Through one of his characters, a peasant, Jan z Bakova sharply criticizes the doctors and rejects their claim that the disease is infectious. This protest can be explained as a reaction to quarantine measures that precluded contact between believers and their pastors, including the holy communion. If the plague were not infectious, no such measures would be needed. The opposite standpoint is defended by Jan Kocin z Kocinétu who claims that the plague is one of many infectious diseases and its causes are natural.
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A SHORT OVERVIEW OF 19TH-CENTURY JOURNALS CONTAINING MATERIALS ON THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

80%
Ostrowska T.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1-2(27-28)
205-208
EN
The writing of valuable scientific publications has always been triggered by the activities of learned societies, tertiary educational institutions and the editorial boards of scientific journals. In the 19th century, Polish scientific writing was inspired mainly by the activities of the Warsaw Society of the Friends of Sciences (Towarzystwo Warszawskie Przyjaciól Nauk), which was responsbile for publishing its 'Yearbooks...' (Roczniki ..), and of Warsaw Physicians' Society , which published its 'Diary ...' (Pamietnik ...). There were also other journals that included works on the history of medicine and basic medical sciences, among them those that appeared in Warsaw: 'Klinika' (The Clinic), 'Gazeta Lekarska' (Physicians' Gazette), 'Zdrowie' (Health), as well as 'Krytyka Lekarska' (Physicians' Critique) and 'Przeglad Chirurgiczny' (Surgical Review), which were established by Józef Polak; in Cracow: 'Rocznik Wydzialu Lekarskiego Universytetu Jagiellonskiego' (Yearbook of the Medical Faculty of the Jagiellonian University) and 'Wiadomosci do Antropologii Krajowej' (News for National Anthropology); and in Poznan: 'Nowiny Lekarskie' (Physicians' News). The key to medical writings in the 19th century is provided by a cross-referenced bibliography compiled by Stanislaw Konopka.
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Edice „třebíčských“ dopisů Jaroslava Bakeše z let 1902 až 1909

80%
Novotný G.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2012
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vol. 20
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issue 1
221-256
EN
The edition includes the available letters of Jaroslav Bakeš (1871–1930) sent by the Austro-Hungarian post in the period of time 1902–1909 while he worked as head physician in Třebíč for eight years. His personal views, more than a hundred years old, constitute an interesting complementing source of information making it possible to better know the author’s life and his era. His private and family conditions, his professional medical activities and the level of the contemporary practical medicine are depicted. Bakeš’s talent for surgery was developed by his teacher Eduard Albert in Vienna’s General Hospital, and Bakeš brought the tradition of that school to Moravia. He became an outstanding surgeon in the hospitals of Třebíč (1902–1909) and Brno (1909–1930), taught at the local Czech Technical College (1906–1922), held lectures at surgery congresses both inside the country and abroad, improved several operating procedures, designed medical tools and instruments, and wrote innovative papers for renowned Czech and German professional magazines. In his free time, he also liked hunting and collecting minerals. Later, he became renowned for having co-founded a unique cancer-treating institute, known as the Masaryk Consolation House, which was built on the Yellow Hill in Brno and opened in January, 1935 (its tradition continues today in the Masaryk Institute of Oncology). The edition of his letters is an interesting contribution to the information about the author’s life and family, and also about practical medicine as well as the social, political and ethnic situation in southern Moravia in the early 20th century.
6

Maksymilian Rose – twórca cytoarchitektoniki mózgu

80%
Musiał A., Śródka A., Zawiliński J.
Nauka Polska. Jej Potrzeby, Organizacja i Rozwój
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2010
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vol. 19
297-307
EN
The article presents life and scientific output of Maksymilian Rose – an eminent Polish neuroanatomist and neuropathologist of the inter-war period. In the first period of activity he worked in Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Hirnforschung in Berlin, where was appointed to a post of head of Pathology Ward. In the years 1927–1929 he was an editor-in-chief of the renowned periodical Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, and in 1928 returned to Poland. Having been appointed to a professorship at Department and Mental Clinic in the University of Vilna in 1931, also managed the Institute for the Researches on Brain. He was an originator of the modern science of brain cytoarchitectonics. Probably, the searches in this field brought him about the greatest discovery – a description of the new partitioning of the cerebral cortex, which resulted from its ontogenetic (embryological) development and from its differentiated behaviour in different parts of primary parent coat and primary cortex coat. The foundations of the modern neurocytoarchitectonics of cerebral cortex especially were laid by two scientists: the most eminent Spanish neurobiologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Polish researcher – Maksymilian Rose. Constantin Economo and Karl Kleist considered him for the creator of science of fields' differentiation of cerebral cortex from histological point of view.
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TIMES AND CLIMATES. EFFORTS TO ESTABLISH A CLINICAL INSTITUTE OF LABOUR, 1946-1948

80%
Mierzecki R.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1-2(29-30)
369-375
EN
The paper is part of an unpublished diary by the dermatologist, Professor Henryk Mierzecki, in which he describes the poor state of the Polish health service prior to World War Two and immediately after its end. The author, who was then Head of the Department of Public Medicine at the Ministry of Health, presents the plans and actions undertaken to improve the situation. These included holding talks on the role of medical care in the workplace, and provided, in the longer run, for the establishment in Warsaw of a Clinical Institute of Labour, in premises donated by the Ministry of Health. The Institute was to house four clinics, several laboratories, a tutorial hall for 50 students and a lecture hall for 150 students. In 1949 the Ministry of Health abandoned plans to establish such an Institute in Warsaw, and transferred the task of organizing one at a later date to the National Institute of Hygiene, while Professor Mierzecki was put in charge of the Dermatology Clinic of the Medical Faculty of the University of Wroclaw. A Department of Occupational Medicine was established by Professor J. Nofer at the Medical School in Lódz in 1952, and it now functions there as the J. Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine.
8

Problém retrospektivní diagnostiky v dějinách lékařství

80%
Cerny K.
DVT - Dějiny věd a techniky (History of Sciences and Technology)
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2008
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vol. 41
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issue 3
145-154
EN
The paper was intended to be an introductory exposition for workshop about acceptability of a retrospective diagnosis. It deals with various methods used in the history of medicine, and with problems which are related to them. In the beginning it describes shortly development in the medical historiography that took place during the last three decades. It emphasizes those approaches which have not been discussed in the Czech ambient so far. The paper focuses above all on methods suggested by Jon Arrizabalaga, Giorgio Cosmacini, and Roy Porter. In other words it describes socio-constructivistic history of medicine and medicine that is seen using 'patient's view'. In the second part the paper describes how relativity in the modern approach affects the most basic terms of medicine: health, healing, illness, disease, etc. The aim is to show that once we leave secure area of institutional history or medical biographies we face a whole lot of serious obstacles.
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'DE NATURA ET CONSTITUTIONE MEDICINAE' BY ANDREAS ARVIDI AS A MIRROR OF MEDICAL THOUGHT AT THE 17TH-CENTURY UNIVERSITY OF TARTU (Andreas Arvidi disputatsioon 'De natura et constitutione medicinae' arstiteadusliku motte arengu peegeldajana 17. sajandi

80%
Rein K.
Mäetagused
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2008
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vol. 39
7-28
EN
The present article deals with a medical disputation, written and defended at the University of Tartu during its first period of activity in the 17th century, when the university was called Academia Gustaviana. More precisely, under investigation is the disputation of the Swedish poetry theorist Andreas Arvidi (ca 1620-1673), 'De natura et constitutione medicinae', and its context. The medical education was at the insufficient level at most 17th-century universities in Europe and this was the case at the University of Tartu as well. There were very few students of medicine at the University of Tartu during the Academia Gustaviana period (eight, all in all) compared to the whole number of students (1056) during that time. Only two of these eight students were afterwards active as physicians. There were but few medical disputations defended during the Academia Gustaviana period, of which two were solely medical, supervised by the professor of medicine Sebastian Wirdig. The first of these, the disputation by Andreas Arvidi, deals with medicine in general. Andreas Arvidi was not a medical student but studied natural sciences at the University of Tartu. As a person of great talent, he debated on a variety of themes, including astronomy, mathematics, botany, medicine and ethics. His disputation 'De natura et constitutione medicinae' is explaining the meaning of the word 'medicine' by exposing its etymology and providing synonyms and homonyms to this word. In defining medicine he quotes Jean Fernel, the famous French Renaissance physician. Then he discusses the reasons and purposes for inventing medicine and finally presents the systematisation of medicine. The whole work reveals the author's brilliant knowledge of Greek and Roman authors, as well as of contemporary medical authorities. Of the latter ones, iatrochemist Daniel Sennert, professor at Wittenberg University, has been quoted on several occasions, which implies to the fact that Sennert was an authority in the 17th-century Faculty of Medicine in Tartu. Andreas Arvidi's disputation 'De natura et constitutione medicinae' is a work that gives the broadest overview of medical thought at the University of Tartu in the 17th century.
10
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Prof. Włodzimierz Fijałkowski (1917-2003), twórca polskiej szkoły rodzenia

80%
Szukała A. P.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2012
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vol. 21
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issue 1-2(40-41)
333-338
EN
The aim of this publication is to present the person of Professor Włodzimierz Fijałkowski (1917-2003). Materials come from archival records, printed papers and interviews with people working with Professor Fijałkowski. He was the creator of the Polish school of childbirth, promoter of natural methods of birth planning and defender of conceived human life. Professor Fijałkowski was a remarkable physician and scientist, but first of all an extraordinary human being.
11

K diagnostice v česky psaných lékařských sbornících 15. a 16. století

61%
Tomicek D.
DVT - Dějiny věd a techniky (History of Sciences and Technology)
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2008
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vol. 41
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issue 3
155-172
EN
Diagnostic methods of medieval medicine are represented in Czech written manuscript collections above all by uroscopic and hematoscopic treatises from medical compendium of unknown Franciscan. It is a translation of the so called Arzneibuch by Ortolf von Bayerland from the 1st half of the 15th century, coming out from canonic Latin diagnostic procedure (Issac Iudaeus, Aegidius). The Old-Czech doctrine about urine examination and pulse measuring is thus reclined by the Latin school tradition. In therapeutic oriented texts minimal attention is devoted to the description of diseases signs. Leprosy is an exception. Described signs correspond to the medieval convention the same as the quoted diagnostic methods of experimental character. These Old-Czech collections differ rather fundamentally from tradition of school medicine in the case of complication (disease) described as 'a night-mare' that is not perceived as a medical problem but as magic one and as a question of faith. The reason of difficulties is not searched in humoral pathology but in an external aggressor, either demon (incubus) or a person able to practise sorcery. Only analysis of recommended therapeutic means having rather ritualised character (apotropaic amulets, ritual taboos, inverse courses) enables bringing to light background of the particular Old-Czech diagnosis.
12

Wpływ Juliana Ochorowicza na kształtowanie się poglądów filozoficzno-medycznych Władysława Szumowskiego

61%
Gryglewski R. W.
Nauka Polska. Jej Potrzeby, Organizacja i Rozwój
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2010
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vol. 19
309-318
EN
The present article is focusing on influence of the thought presented by Julian Ochorowicz on forming philosophical and medical conception of Władysław Szumowski. To be sure, Ochorowicz belonged to one of the most vivid and famous personages of Warsaw Positivism. A contriver, visionary, spiritualist and votary of mediumism rose to speak about many problems that, among others, concerned medicine. Undoubtedly, he was a precursor of a modern clinical psychology in Poland and the first scholar, who perceived the hypnosis to be an important diagnostic and therapeutic method. His stipulation saying that psychology should be an obligatory subject for students of medicine lately has been appreciated properly. Nevertheless, his eccentricity, self-confidence in his skills, and at the same time the fact he did not graduate from medical studies brought about a severe criticism, and even ostracism in medical circles. As he was accused of dilettantism and swindle, only a few were ready to stand up for him and, among others, Władysław Szumowski – a doctor, philosopher and historian, a devotee of the holistic outlook upon medicine. In the field of medicine Szumowski was tending to join physical and material aspects with all what dodges traditional science and is its important fulfillment. The outlooks of Ochorowicz, and particularly the ideas concerning the psychology's presence in medicine, turned out to be interesting for Szumowski, and influenced his theoretical considerations.
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