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EN
Authentic leaders are leaders who when called upon by the hand of fate, will be the ones who take a stand that changes the course of history for others, be they organizations, departments or just other individuals (May, Chan, Hodges & Avolio, 2003). That’s the answer of why authentic leadership? In this study we explore authentic leadership in Turkey from a multilevel perspective. We used the authentic leadership measure developed by Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing and Peterson in 2008. We also tested the generalizability and validity of the AL measure in a different cultural context.
PL
Nauczyciele, różniąc się efektywnością pracy, wpływają na wyniki uczniów. Analizowano dane z ogólnopolskiego badania przeprowadzonego w gimnazjach w 2012 r. Analizy objęły 3883 uczniów z 246 oddziałów, z 137 szkół i 202 nauczycieli matematyki oraz 4119 uczniów z 260 oddziałów, z 143 szkół i 215 nauczycieli języka polskiego. Wariancja wyników egzaminów przypisana nauczycielom wyniosła 12% (matematyka) i 8% (kompetencje językowe). W modelu uwzględniającym m.in.: wcześniejsze osiągnięcia, inteligencję, zmienne statusowe rodziny ucznia, efekt nauczyciela wyjaśnił 5% (matematyka) i 4% (kompetencje językowe) wariancji wyników egzaminu. Do tej pory nie było jasne, za pomocą jakich cech nauczycieli i stylu nauczania można wyczerpująco wyjaśnić zróżnicowanie efektywności ich pracy. Skala „autorytet nauczyciela/utrzymanie dyscypliny” wyjaśniła 91% efektu nauczyciela w nauczaniu matematyki i 81% w nauczaniu języka polskiego, przy kontroli wcześniejszych osiągnięć edukacyjnych, inteligencji, zmiennych statusowych rodziny ucznia i lokalizacji gimnazjum.
EN
This paper reports a study addressing how teacher effectiveness influences student outcomes in Polish Lower Secondary schools. Data from a Polish nationwide lower secondary school study were analysed. Data included 3883 pupils in 246 classes, in 137 schools with 202 maths teachers and 4119 pupils in 260 classes, in 143 schools with 215 language teachers. Variance of exam scores explained by teacher effect was 12% (maths) and 8% (language skills). Controlling for prior achievement, intelligence and student family background, teacher effects were 5% (maths) and 4% (language skills). Until now there has been no consensus about which teacher characteristics could explain variance in their effectiveness. The scale of “teacher authority/classroom management” explains 91% of exam scores in maths and 81% in language skills, when controlling for prior student achievement, intelligence, student family background and school location.
EN
Are hopes pinned on mixed-age grouping in preschool and elementary school substantiated by scientific data? The answer was looked for in TIMSS 2015 research in Poland. It was carried on in the middle of the reform of school entry age which lowered it from seven to six year of life. In the country representative sample of fourth-graders 17.8 percent of pupils entered school at the age of six. In 254 classrooms the dispersion of age varied from 0.20 to 0.65 years and was greater than in TIMSS 2011 (0.15–0.40). The analysis of achievement in mathematics and science was performer by means of hierarchical linear models with the control of pupils’ gender, age, initial skills, and SES, as well as school’s location and class size. The achievement in mathematics was correlated significantly negative with the dispersion of age in the class. The younger pupils scored the highest in mathematics and science in classes with moderate dispersion. The results do not support a belief that mixed-age grouping is beneficial to academic achievement.
EN
This paper reports a study addressing how teacher effectiveness influences student outcomes in Polish Lower Secondary schools. Data from a Polish nationwide lower secondary school study were analysed. Data included 3883 pupils in 246 classes, in 137 schools with 202 maths teachers and 4119 pupils in 260 classes, in 143 schools with 215 language teachers. Variance of exam scores explained by teacher effect was 12% (maths) and 8% (language skills). Controlling for prior achievement, intelligence and student family background, teacher effects were 5% (maths) and 4% (language skills). Until now there has been no consensus about which teacher characteristics could explain variance in their effectiveness. The scale of “teacher authority/classroom management” explains 91% of exam scores in maths and 81% in language skills, when controlling for prior student achievement, intelligence, student family background and school location.
EN
The paper aims to verify two hypotheses. The first states that the differentiation of initial 1st grade pupil skills is negatively correlated with age at entry to school. This was tested according to findings from the ERI study Six and seven year olds at the start of school. The variation of reading and writing scores of 1164 pupils aged 5.9–7.9 years who were beginning 1st grade decreased in subsequent age quartiles. The second hypothesis – that classroom differentiation of pupils’ initial skills in 1st grade is positively correlated with the birthdate effect in 3rd grade – was tested on data of 4838 pupils from 254 classrooms drawn from the 2011 PIRLS and TIMSS studies in Poland. Skills were evaluated on the basis of parental reports. Hierarchical linear analysis (gender, SES and school location controlled) showed that the greater the differentiation of language skills in 1st grade, the greater the birthdate effect in mathematics in 3rd grade. This result suggests that school entry age is of lesser importance than the methods used to reduce differences in children’s school readiness at the onset of education.
PL
Celem artykułu jest weryfikacja dwóch hipotez. Pierwszą, według której zróżnicowanie umiejętności początkowych w klasie pierwszej jest ujemnie skorelowane z wiekiem startu szkolnego, sprawdzono na danych z badania Sześcio- i siedmiolatków na starcie szkolnym. Dyspersje wyników pomiaru umiejętności czytania i pisania (ale nie umiejętności matematycznych) 1164 dzieci rozpoczynających naukę w klasie pierwszej istotnie malały w kolejnych kwartylach wieku. Drugą hipotezę, zgodnie z którą w oddziale szkolnym efekt względnego wieku w klasie trzeciej jest dodatnio skorelowany ze zróżnicowaniem początkowych umiejętności językowych i liczbowych w klasie pierwszej, sprawdzono na danych 4838 uczniów z 254 oddziałów trzeciej klasy szkoły podstawowej, zebranych w międzynarodowych badaniach osiągnięć szkolnych PIRLS i TIMSS 2011. Umiejętności początkowe oceniono na podstawie opinii rodziców. Hierarchiczna analiza regresji (przy kontroli płci i statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego rodziny ucznia oraz lokalizacji szkoły) wykazała, że im większe było początkowe zróżnicowanie umiejętności językowych w oddziale (przy kontroli wieku uczniów), tym większa była różnica między osiągnięciami matematycznymi młodszych i starszych uczniów w klasie trzeciej. Wynik sugeruje, że pytanie o wiek, w jakim dzieci powinny rozpoczynać naukę w szkole, jest mniej ważne niż pytanie: Jak redukować zróżnicowanie umiejętności początkowych w oddziałach klasy pierwszej?
EN
The paper aims at the verification of two hypotheses. The first states that differentiation of initial grade 1 pupil skills is negatively correlated with age at entry to school. This was tested according to findings from the IBE study Six and seven year olds at the start of school. The variation of reading and writing scores of 1164 pupils aged 5.9–7.9 who were beginning grade 1 decreased in subsequent age quartiles. The second hypothesis – that classroom differentiation of pupils’ initial skills in grade 1 is positively correlated with the birthdate effect in grade 3 – was carried on data of 4838 pupils from 254 classrooms drawn from the PIRLS and TIMSS 2011 study in Poland. Skills were evaluated on the basis of parental reports. Hierarchical linear analysis (gender, SES and school location controlled) showed that the greater the differentiation of language skills in grade 1, the greater the birthdate effect in mathematics in grade 3. This result suggests that school entry age is of lesser importance than the methods used to reduce differences in children’s school readiness at the onset of education.
PL
W celu odpowiedzi na tytułowe pytanie poddano analizie dane z reprezentatywnej próbki 4451 uczniów w wieku 17–18 lat ze wszystkich typów szkół ponadgimnazjalnych w Polsce, pochodzące z krajowego badania towarzyszącego badaniu PISA 2006. Pozycję ucznia w rodzinie charakteryzowały dwie zmienne: kolejność urodzenia i liczba młodszego rodzeństwa. Postawiono cztery hipotezy: (1) osiągnięcia szkolne silniej kontroluje kolejność urodzenia niż liczba młodszego rodzeństwa, a wraz z rosnącą kolejnością urodzenia maleją (2) osiągnięcia szkolne, (3) prawdopodobieństwo wyboru szkoły niekończącej kariery oświatowej i (4) orientacja na porządek dorosłych. Hierarchiczne analizy regresji potwierdziły wszystkie hipotezy.
EN
Data gathered in the country companion to PISA 2006 was analyzed to determine the influence of family size on educational performance. The representative sample consisted of 4451 pupils aged 17–18 from all types of secondary school in Poland. Two variables described a pupil’s position in the family: birth order and number of younger siblings. Four hypotheses were tested: (1) academic performance is more strongly determined by birth order than number of younger siblings and with increasing birth order there is a decrease in (2) performance, (3) the likelihood of choice of school which prepares for further education, and (4) orientation towards adult values. Hierarchical linear models confirmed the hypotheses.
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