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Milost, lidské úsilí a Boží předvědění podle Jeronýma

100%
Hušek V.
Studia theologica
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2010
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vol. 12
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issue 3
19-29
EN
The paper focuses on the theme of divine grace, human agency and divine foreknowledge in Jerome. In his ascetic writings, Jerome praises virginity as a special gift having two aspects: it demands a special effort exceeding ordinary duties and it promises a special reward. People are not given the same measure of divine grace. There is no injustice because effort of one's will is more relevant than human deeds. Divine foreknowledge does not restrain human freedom because God does not determine what will happen but only foreknows it. Human nature is weak and fragile, unable to avoid sinning continuously. However, free will is indispensable for any morally good agency; necessity excludes merit. In every morally good action, one has to will and strive, and God strengthens the effort and brings it to completion. What is not quite clear is how to reconcile Jerome's claim about inability of human will to avoid sinning with his optimistic view of initium voluntatis.
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KRIMINALITA AKO MODALITA SOCIÁLNEHO KONANIA

88%
Lubelcová G.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2014
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vol. 46
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issue 2
167 – 193
EN
Knowledge on social causality of crime has become a key theoretical orientation in criminology. It is represented by an aetiological paradigm. Despite of long-time efforts of the criminological aetiological studies, criminology lacks coherent theoretical base to interpret social causal mechanisms. Over the last years we can identify some ways of knowledge integration, including increasing tendency to multilevel integration. The study presents and discusses some approaches to integration of sociological knowledge on social determination of crime acts. The contribution emphasizes model of social action as a base framework for explanation. However, classic sociological modes of interpretation of social action are reformulated in context of social and cultural changes of late modernity. We can observe a shift to significance of human agency. Social action is more motivated, more reflexive. Up to the author, the base for the conceptualisation of social determination of crime understands sociability and social responsibility in recent social conditions. Conceptual frame of sociability is considered to be a mechanism of social attachment of social actor. This mechanism has bi-directional dimensions: social inclusion (from the social actor to their social context) and social acceptation (from social context to the social actor).
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