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EN
The author presents three main types of reference to human corporeality in the anti-Cartesian philosophical anthropology of the XX century: 1.The phenomenological description of the bodily experience (M. Merleau-Ponty. H. Schmitz, E. Strauss). 2.The constitutive role of human body in the structure of the definitions of humanity proposed by the classical philosophical anthropology of the XX century (M. Scheler, H. Plessner, A. Gehlen). 3.Human corporeality from the perspective of the historical anthropology (H. Schmitz, N. Elias). In the last fragment of his deliberations author shows the contemporary attempts of making the connection between the significant topics of the anthropology of human body and the ethical and aesthetic discourse (J. Habermas, G. Böhme).
EN
The article discusses issues of medical experimentation on humans. The authoresses focus particularly on legal conditions of experimental research, simultaneously touching on non-legal aspects (mainly connected with the role of moral norms when establishing bioethical standards). The paper brings up the issue of interpretative controversies referring to the notion of medical experiment alone and it also discusses the influence of experimental research on the development of medical studies. The authoresses analyze legal bases of medical experiments in the light of international and European standards. They focus on the principle of participant's consent as a sine qua non condition for his/her participation in a medical experiment. They also discuss a physician's legal responsibility for damage caused by such an activity. They particularly focus on attempts at establishing model solutions to regulations of the above mentioned issues and they also focus on presenting legal aspects of medical experimentation in Poland.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 5
491-496
EN
The aim of the contribution is to consider the possibility of perceiving the human body as one's ownership, based on moral assumptions. The latter are used as the main argument for accepting the ownership of human body. The focus is on libertarian view on the self-ownership rights from which the ownership rights over one's body are derived. A critical examination of particular ownership rights over one's body is given as well.
EN
Saint Albert the Great and Saint Thomas Aquinas, two excellent scholars of the Dominican Order in the 13th century, reflected on the Church as the Mystical Body of Christ using the analogy between human body and the body of the Church. They believed in the necessity of being a member of the body of the Church in order to achieve eternal salvation. Although they reaffirmed visible and institutional aspects, their idea of the Church extended beyond the limits of a visible body which could be precisely noted and defined within the time-space boundary. They emphasized the role of the Holy Spirit as the life source of the body of the Church, and communion with Christ in faith and charity as the condition of being a member of the body in full sense. Both recognized the possibility of belonging to the visible Church and at the same time of being excluded from the Mystical Body of the Church. Using the categories of the actual and potential membership in the Summa Theologiae III, q. 8, Aquinas gave the Church as the Mystical Body of Christ elasticity in a particular way.
EN
The main purpose of the paper is to criticize materialism in the philosophy of mind and to search for alternative approaches to the problems of mind, consciousness and body. According to the author, materialism does not present a satisfactory explanation of the mental life of human beings, because it fails to explain phenomena such as conscious experience, sleep, unconsciousness, death. These phenomena point to the fact that consciousness is not identical with the body and can be detached from it. The author adopts the conclusion that the solution to the problem of consciousness is closely connected to the problem of identity of a human individual. A human being plays certain social roles, he or she possesses a body, he or she possesses a mind, but is not identical with them. In its essence, the human being is identical with consciousness.
EN
The objective of this essay is to examine the concept of tempus fugit in the novel Em Nome da Terra written by Virgil Ferreira. It is a profound reading and analysis that shows the different types of movement that constitute this literary work, the presence of Crono, a primordial myth which emerges as human body and it relationship with time. It is also demonstrated that the verbal operation which shapes this movement, echoes the death of the body, thereby focusing on itself all the tension of psychic and libidinal energy. The corpus in dialogue with time turns to a symbol of death and a representation of this reality.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 9
765 – 776
EN
Thomas Aquinas advocates a noticeably anti-dualistic anthropological position, which forces him to explain human beings as metaphysically complex beings. This would be impossible on the physical level alone. However, the problem of the essence of material forms is still elaborated insufficiently. As to my knowledge, there are still two questions, which have not been properly answered: (a) How should be the matter in the essence of particular beings comprehended; b) how it is possible to combine the existence of an indivisible soul with its being the very basis of intellect and the form of the body. The paper unveils Aquinas’s differentiated approach to these questions in order to suggest a new interpretation of the essence of material beings. Rendered in a wider context of Thomas’s psychology, it would comply with following requirements: a) historical-philosophical coherence, by which we mean primarily a meaningful categorization of the elaborated concept into the historical philosophical framework; b) metaphysical coherence and c) philosophical-psychological coherence.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2019
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vol. 74
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issue 2
111 – 125
EN
This article addresses a debate in Descartes scholarship over the mind-dependence or -independence of time by turning to Merleau-Ponty’s Nature and The Visible and the Invisible. In doing so, it shows that both sides of the debate ignore that time for Descartes is a measure of duration in general. The consequences to remembering what time is are that the future is shown to be the invisible of an intertwining of past and future, and that historicity is the invisible of God.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2009
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vol. 64
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issue 5
465-469
EN
The concept of the digital-facial-image as employed by Mark N. Hansen offers a new paradigm of our approach to digital media. The article aims at exploring the category of affect (or affective power), which is understood not as a quality inherent to the image (as Deleuze proposes in his Cinema I), but as a potential of human body, which thus achieves a privileged position. Affection can be conceived a necessary bodily response to digital information. To experience it as an information unit the data flux have to be sifted through our corporeal being and transformed into images that have a meaning for us. Hansen argues that the digital image as such is inseparable from perceiving it since the former is not a fixed representation of reality. The notion of 'digital image' is then used in its broader, not only visual sense, as a term that encompasses the entire process in which information is made perceivable.
EN
The subject of the article are the deliberations on the prose of one of contemporary Ukrainian writers — Lubko Deresh. It turns out that the young author has become part of the current of the European prose at the turn of the centuries, deciding to defy many conventions persisting in Ukrainian literature to date. The aim of the author was, as it seems, to shock the reader by using the subjects from the scope of man’s corporeality, absent or rarely appearing in Ukrainian literature. It turns out that Lubko Deresh can, in an extremely interesting way, present a human body in all its natural beauty. Apart from delicate eroticism, the author also focuses on the surroundings of love scenes, imbuing them with colours or creating an appropriate mood. His ideal of the feminine body is a young slim woman with long hair, small breasts and white complexion without a tan. One can see the echoes of adolescent desires of a teenager — after all the author was this age at the time of his literary debut. However, the reading of the following books shows that presenting man’s corporeality Lubko Deresh gives in to pressure of times and follows the most catchy themes in contemporary culture, that is sex and vulgarity, sometimes there also appears cold biologism and obscenities.
EN
The author analises the fantastic transformations of the body in the contemporary erotic Slavic prose — the novel Malva Landa (2003) by Ukrainian writer Jurij Vinichuk, the short novel Dnevnik izgnane duše (2005) by Serb Jovica Aćin, the novel Net (2004) by Russians Linor Goralik i Sergej Kuznecov, stories Gorący lód (2002) by Polish author Tomasz Jastrun. The erotic fantastic prose of these authors presents the literary view of desired and unperfect body, demonic disembodiment, metaphors of animal and human body.
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