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EN
Among the emblematic cities of Latin America, Havana distinguishes itself with a peculiar characteristic: it ascended from a particularly miserable infancy to a true metropolis through its role in trade intermediation. This article analyzes the early stage of this evolution, when Havana assumed its dual condition of border: an outpost of the Spanish Empire facing other rival empires and an interface for Spanish Empire/ world and the emerging new economy/world. This condition triggered an intense process of accumulation and converted Havana into a flourishing metropolis at the center of the most formidable agro-exporting complex of its time, while simultaneously modeling a peculiar cultural matrix that has defined Havana as a typical port city.
Turyzm
|
2020
|
vol. 30
|
issue 1
31-42
EN
The expression literary tourism is an established term which rarely raises controversies. It fits well into a positivist way of thinking about tourism reality. An analysis of Cuban literature, as well as field study conducted in Havana, however have pointed to the need to reconstruct the definitions of literary tourism that are currently in use as there are many contexts and current definitions are insufficient. The article presents an aleatoric approach based on the phenomenon of chance while exploring the literary space of Havana.  
EN
The aim of this article is to indicate the features of contemporary urban agriculture present in the contiguously built-up areas of Havana. Using an exploratory and classification approach, the authors draw on fieldwork and a prior analysis of satellite and aerial imagery, first to characterize the spatial distribution of urban gardens and then to point to their main intrinsic features, including the methods and organization of production and the functions performed. The research conducted shows that urban agriculture is distributed across the city in an uneven fashion, with the main concentration in districts of lower-density urban construction, which reflects the availability of land resources intentionally left between buildings by modernist planners. The most common production technique applied is organopónico, or organoponics. However, the material commonly used to construct the bordering walls is asbestos, which may pose a significant threat for both producers and consumers. Two case studies are analyzed to exemplify different approaches to organic food production.
Turyzm
|
2018
|
vol. 28
|
issue 2
7-14
EN
The author’s aim is to conduct an ethical analysis of degradation and regeneration processes in tourism space, using the example of Havana, Cuba. This is in the context of social relations between tourists and local inhabitants, as well as assessing the significance of regular patterns in these processes and their impact. As a result of the analysis, the author identified the causes of the ruinisation of tourism space in Havana, the exogenous and endogenous factors which influence this process, two types of regeneration undertaken as remedial action, as well as establishing the relationships between local inhabitants and tourists. The research results are followed by commentary indicating those elements of social relations which should be taken into consideration when starting a process of the urban regeneration of tourism space, in order to relieve present and potential conflicts between the inhabitants and tourists.
PL
Ameryka Łacińska jest kontynentem, na którym stawiano i burzono przez wieki niezliczone mury podziałów etnicznych, klasowych, politycznych. Społeczeństwem, które boleśnie doświadczyło tego, czym one są, czym jest izolacja, są Kubańczycy, dla których rajska niegdyś wyspa stała się klatką. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu, w jaki sposób kreuje literacką przestrzeń Hawany, przedstawiając codzienne życie jej mieszkańców, pisarz należący do pierwszego pokolenia Kubańczyków dorastających w rewolucyjnej rzeczywistości – Pedro Juan Gutiérrez. W powieści Nic do roboty [Nada que hacer] (1998), niewidzialne, lecz doskonale namacalne mury dzielące Hawanę na strefy wpływów różnych grup społecznych, rozpadające się ściany i sufity mieszkań nie są jedynie dowodem wszechobecnej biedy, ale zdają się stanowić również metaforę relacji władzy w obrębie społeczeństwa i jego stanu ducha. Z drugiej strony, autor pokazuje, w jaki sposób świadoma jednostka próbuje wybudować wokół siebie intelektualny mur, który odgrodziłby ją od pozbawiającej woli działania nicości. Analiza oparta została o koncepcje mobilności socjologów Zygmunta Baumana i Johna Urry’ego, szkic Elżbiety Rybickiej dotyczący sensorycznej geografii literackiej oraz rozważania Javiera del Prado Biezmy o sposobach przedstawiania przestrzeni w literaturze.
EN
Latin America is a continent where for centuries various walls of ethnic, class, and political divisions were erected and demolished. Cubans, for whom the once paradise island became a cage, are a society which painfully experienced what those walls are as well as what isolation is. The aim of the article was to discuss the way in which Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, a writer who belongs to the first generation of Cubans who grew up in the Revolutionary reality, creates the literary space of Havana by depicting the everyday lives of its inhabitants. In the novel titled Nothing to Do [Nada que hacer] (1998), the invisible yet terribly tangible walls dividing Havana into zones of influence of various social groups, and the disintegrating walls and ceilings of flats are not the only proof of the universal poverty – they also seem to constitute a metaphor of the relations of power within the society and of the condition of its spirit. Furthermore, the author indicates how a conscious individual tries to build around themselves an intellectual wall which could separate them from the void which deprives one of the will to act. The analysis was based on the concept of mobility by Zygmunt Bauman and John Urry, on a study by Elżbieta Rybicka regarding the sensory literary geography, and on a discussion by Javier del Prado Biezma of the methods for presenting space in literature.
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