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1
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Detonacja nadziei. O fundamentalnej frakturze opowiadania przemocy w twórczości Heinera Müllera

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Raddatz F. M., Wojtyra W.
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media
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2018
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vol. 1
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issue 1
178-201
EN
In the paper, Detonation of Hope, translated by Wiktoria Wojtyra, Frank M. Raddatz attempts to explain the origins of Heiner Müller’s late texts, renowned for their non-dialogue characteristics that have become the basis for the post-dramatic theater. However, this basis has been corrupted by the capitulation to violence now deeply integrated onto it. Furthermore, in Hamletmachine, Müller utilized post-utopian aesthetics as a manifestation of the thwarted hope of the end to violence in history. This fundamental structure of his narrative of violence is preceded by the long struggle against violence and the possibility of overcoming or eradicating it entirely. A profound shock ensues from a sensitization stemming from the regulation of violence set against a pandemic. However, this only succeeds until the moment in which the fight against bestiality will give way for a new desire for violence. History, it turns out, becomes a cul-de-sac as represented by the renaissance of the ice-age which marks a farewell to a utopian world free of violence. At the same time fails an alliance of art and politics. The same alliance, that on behalf of The Absolute Other once hammered out the historical expectations horizon.
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Mity jako „kolektywne doświadczenia” w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej – na przykładzie wybranych utworów Heinera Müllera

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Wilk A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2017
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issue 13
101-111
EN
The writers of the German Democratic Republic often reached for myths to convey forbidden issues in an oblique way and to deceive the censors. In an interview Heiner Müller admits that this was an attempt to raise crucial questions about socialism: I want neither to write ancient plays today nor to adapt ancient topics.In the early 1960s plays about Stalinism were forbidden. It was necessary to invent such a model to raise really impor­tant issues.So that people would recognize them at once. On the basis of the works Philoctetes and The Horatian the reception of two ancient myths will be followed in plays by Heiner Müller. The German playwright employs an interesting strategy: he adopts myths in varied, condensed forms, however, the plot is set in mythical circumstances.Müller does not make an attempt to modernize his dramas by transferring their content into a new setting of space and time, but he draws parallels between past and present. Müller’s plays are in Norbert Otto Eke’s opinion, both historical and contemporary. Interestingly, according to Brecht’s idea and his „alienation effect” the spectator should not identify with the events on stage, but only follow and analyse them. For this reason, the works by Müller can be qualified as didactic.
PL
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“Antique” dramas by Heiner Müller. Adaptation of myths or a new dramatic aesthetics?

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Jabłkowska J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. K. N., Full Professor H. o. t. D. o. G.
Collectanea Philologica
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2014
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vol. 17
DE
Der Artikel analysiert die Tragödienkonzeption Heiner Müllers im Kontext seiner Antike-Ad- aptionen. Interpretiert werden drei Stücke, die aus formaler Perspektive verschiedene Wege der Antike-Rezeption präsentieren. Der kurze Text Der Horatier übernimmt den Stoff aus Livius Ab urbe condita und erzählt die Geschichte der Horatier in einer Form, die man auch als Verserzäh- lung bezeichnen könnte. Das Drama Philoktet stützt sich vor allem auf die Vorlage von Sophokles. Verkommenes Ufer Medeamaterial Landschaft mit Argonauten ist eine sehr freie Adaption des Me- dea-Mythos und nur in Grundzügen ist sie dem antiken Stoff treu. Trotz dieser formalen Unter- schiede zeigen die drei Texte – offensichtlich gegen die Intention ihres Autors, der nach grossen, tragischen Problemen in der kommunistischen Gesellschaft der DDR suchte – Züge einer Poetik, die die Nähe zur Mitleidsästhetik des bürgerlichen Trauerspiels offenbart. Die nähere Analyse deckt Widersprüche auf, die das Individuum, das persönliche Leiden zum Hauptproblem machen. Die private Tragödie der Protagonisten scheint die Tragödie zu verdrängen, die im öffentlichen Raum angesiedelt ist. Dies ist ein überraschendes Ergebnis, bedenkt man Müllers Selbstdeutung sowie seine Rolle im DDR-Kulturbetrieb.
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“… the ruins of Europe in back of me.” Jan Klata’s Shakespeare and the European condition

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Cieślak M.
Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
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2015
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vol. 50
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issue 4
67-77
EN
Jan Klata’s Shakespearean productions are famous for his liberal attitude to the text, innovative sets and locations, and a strong contemporary context. His 2004 H., a Teatr Wybrzeże production performed in the Gdańsk Shipyard, reaches to the Polish history of the eighties (the importance of Solidarity and the fall of communism) to comment on the state of the democratic Poland twenty years later. The 2012 Titus Andronicus, a coproduction of Teatr Polski in Wrocław and Staatsschauspiel Dresden, explores the impact of historical traumas on national prejudice and relations within the new Europe. The 2013 Hamlet with Schauspielhaus Bochum again tries to diagnose the contemporary condition and is again deeply rooted in a specific geopolitical context. Discussing both Titus Andronicus and Hamlet, I would like to explore Klata’s formula of working with Shakespeare. Primarily, he takes advantage of the fact that Shakespeare’s texts are not simply source texts but hypertexts with multiple layers of meanings accumulated over the centuries of circulation, production and adaptation. Perhaps similarly to Heiner Müller, whose plays he willingly incorporates in his productions, Klata anatomizes the plays and then radically reconstructs them using other texts, literary and paraliterary. What Klata eventually puts on stage is a hybrid that is rooted in the Shakespearean hypertexts but also heavily draws from historical, cultural and political contexts, and that is relevant to him as the director and to the particular specificities of the venues, theatres and companies he works with. The hybridized and contextualized Shakespeare becomes for Klata a way to comment on current issues that he sees as vital, like dealing with the burden of the past, confronting the reality of the present, or understanding and expressing national identity, problems that are at once universal and specific for a person living in the EU in the twenty first century.
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Semantische Überflutung. Heiner Müllers "Herakles 5"

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Thinnes V.
Convivium. Germanistisches Jahrbuch Polen
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2015
217-243
PL
Na przykładzie dramatu Herakles 5 ukazano strategie dramaturgiczne Heinera Müllera w zakresie normatywnych oraz restryktywnych dyrektyw polityki kulturalnej SED. Dyrektyw tych się ani nie lekceważy ani przestrzega, je się cytuje. Charakterystyczna dla twórczości Müllera praktyka cytowania celowo wprowadza do tekstu wielowartościowość oraz wieloznaczność, osiągając przy tym semantyczną mnogość, która obala pozytywny ideał przodownika klasy robotniczej. Herakles 5 nie tylko cytuje społeczne dyskursy szerszej opinii publicznej, lecz również wyspecjalizowane dyskursy nawiązujące do programów teatralnych oraz sposobów odgrywania ról, jak na przykład Durchrationalisierung des Mythos Brechta, wskazując tym samym na siebie jako na teatr.  
EN
In this paper Heiner Müller’s Drama Herakles 5 exemplifies the dramaturgical policies used by the author when facing the normative und restrictive SED cultural policy. These guidelines are neither failed nor followed – but cited. Müller’s specific citing practice is deliberately setting ambiguities and polyvalent meanings in motion, thus provoking a semantic overflow capable of undermining the positive ideal of a socialistic working class hero. Furthermore, Herakles 5 is not only citing the ongoing discourses of a broader public but also special discourses related to theatrical concepts and acting methods, such as for example Brecht’s Durchrationalisierung des Mythos, and by doing so refers to itself as theatre.
DE
Die Untersuchung zeigt beispielhaft an dem Drama Herakles 5, welche dramaturgischen Strategien Heiner Müller im Umfeld der normativen und restriktiven Vorgaben der SED-Kulturpolitik einsetzt. Letztere werden weder missachtet noch befolgt, sondern zitiert. Müllers spezifische Zitatpraxis leitet dabei gezielt Polyvalenzen und Ambiguitäten in den Text ein und bewirkt so eine semantische Überflutung, die das Ideal eines positiven sozialistischen Arbeiterhelden erodiert. Herakles 5 zitiert darüber hinaus nicht nur die gesellschaftlichen Diskurse einer größeren Öffentlichkeit seines Entstehungsumfeldes, sondern auch Spezialdiskurse zu Theaterprogrammen und -spielweisen, wie zum Beispiel Brechts Durchrationalisierung des Mythos, und verweist damit auf sich selbst als Theater.
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Między tragedią antyczną i mieszczańską – postdramatyczna estetyka Heinera Müllera

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Jabłkowska J.
Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze
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2016
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issue 5
283-297
EN
The article focuses on the adaptations of ancient tragedies and mythological motifs in dramas by Heiner Müller – a renowned German dramatist, who is considered the successor of Brecht. Despite numerous problems with censorship, Müller never decided to leave the German Democratic Republic and emigrate abroad. Just like his other dramas, Müller’s adaptations can be read as politically involved writings which – through an elaborate argumentation – remonstrate the flaws of the Communist system. It is not, however, the reason why his works still remain topical. Their aesthetic allure lies in the proposal of a dialectical bond between two traditions of drama. On the examples of Müller’s three representative texts The Horatian, Philoc­tetes and Despoiled Shore Medea-material Landscape with Argonauts, the article presents the dramatist’s poetological strategy that combines tragedy with bürgerliches Trauerspiel – two mutually exclusive forms of German drama. The synthesis results in a significant political conclusion, which was obviously missed by the East German censors.
PL
Artykuł zajmuje się adaptacjami tragedii antycznych i motywów mitologicznych w dramatach Heinera Müllera, znanego niemieckiego dramatopisarza, uważanego za spadkobiercę Brechta. Swoją działalność pisarską wiązał Müller z NRD; mimo że często miał problemy z cenzurą, nie zdecydował się na emigrację. Adaptacje Müllera można czytać – jak inne jego dramaty – jako utwory politycznie zaangażowane, kontestujące w wyrafinowanej argumentacji ułomności systemu komunistycznego. Nie z tego jednak powodu utwory Müllera są aktualne do dziś. Ich estetyczna atrakcyjność polega na propozycji dialektycznego powiązania dwóch tradycji dramatu. Na przykładzie trzech reprezentatywnych tekstów Müllera, Der Horatier, Filoktet oraz Gnijący brzeg. Materiały do Medei. Krajobraz z Argonautami artykuł prezentuje strategię poetologiczną autora, łącząca tragedię z bürgerliches Trauerspiel, dwie wykluczające się formy niemieckiego dramatu. Z syntezy tej wynika ważna konkluzja polityczna, w oczywisty sposób nieodczytana przez enerdowskich cenzorów.
7

Re-Working Shakespeare: Heiner Müller’s Macbeth

63%
Nicolaescu M.
American, British and Canadian Studies Journal
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2015
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vol. 25
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issue 1
119-131
EN
This article focuses on particular meanings of the term “work,” as related first to the process of adapting Shakespeare and secondly to the ideological and philosophical resonances of this term as employed in the socialist propaganda in East Germany and which Heiner Müller introduces into Shakespeare’s text and gives an ironical twist to. In the first part it points to a few aspects of East German doctrinaire readings of Shakespeare, which were further contested and deconstructed in Müller’s translation cum adaptation. The final part zooms in on the reconfiguring of the established meanings attached to the concept of work in Müller’s rewriting of Macbeth and on the relation between these meanings and the philosophy of history he proposes in his adaptation.
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