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PL
W swym artykule Masłoń argumentuje przeciwko takim interpretacjom „Generała” (1926) Bustera Keatona, które przedstawiają ten film jako krytykę mechanizacji, a co za tym idzie – dehumanizacji ludzkiego życia w nowoczesnym świecie. Wychodząc od definicji Bergsona, dla którego esencją komedii jest „mechaniczność powlekająca życie”, i uwzględniając romantyczną proweniencję tej definicji (idee organicznego dzieła sztuki, sentymentalnej wewnętrzności itp.), autor stara się pokazać, że wbrew tej tradycji to właśnie „bezduszne” ciało jest przedstawione w filmie jako interesujące oraz że owo ciało, a nie spontaniczna duchowość, jest źródłem autonomii głównego bohatera i jego poetyckiego uroku. Co więcej, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę formę filmu, tylko „mechanicznie” skonstruowany slapstickowy wątek – oparty na pogoni, ukazujący stawanie się Johnny’ego maszyną – można uznać za samowystarczalny, choć zostaje on „zanieczyszczony” przez narzucone mu, rzekomo organiczne, sentymentalne i heroiczne konwencje. W ten sposób (zarówno w treści, jak i formie) film ten nie tylko odnosi się do uroszczeń spontaniczności i sentymentalnej organiczności, lecz także może być uznany za ocenę tej strony walczącej w wojnie secesyjnej, której tożsamość odwołuje się do tego rodzaju wartości.
EN
In his article, Masłoń argues against such interpretations of Buster Keaton’s “The General” (1926), that portray the film as a criticism of mechanization, and thus the dehumanization of human life in the modern world. Starting with Bergson’s definition, for whom the essence of comedy is “the mechanics of life”, and taking into account the romantic origins of this definition (ideas of organic art, sentimental interior, etc.), the author tries to show that, contrary to the tradition, it is precisely “soulless” body presented in the film that is of interest, and that that very body, rather than spontaneous spirituality, is the source of the autonomy of the main character and his poetic charm. Moreover, taking into the account the form of the film, only the “mechanically” constructed slapstick theme – based on the chase, and the process of Johnny becoming a machine– can be considered self-sufficient, even though it is “polluted” by the allegedly organic, sentimental and heroic conventions. In this manner (both in content and form) the film refers to simplifications of spontaneity and organic sentimentality, and can also be considered as an evaluation of this side fighting in the American civil war whose identity refers to this type of values.
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Význam humoru v kontextu úvah Louise Cazamiana

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EN
The study interprets and develops Louis Cazamian’s theory of humor. It presents the outlines of the theory, which was created in connection with Bergson’s general theory of the comic and his remarks on humor. In the process of zeroing in on Cazamian’s conception of the mechanism of humor as a transposition of man’s natural reaction to reality into the form of an invented response, the study raises the question of the im‑ portance of humor in life. This topic is approached by depicting the evolution of Caza‑ mian’s views on the possibility of establishing a “philosophy” of humor, highlighting a gradually emerging belief in the power of humor to free man from a naive view of reality. The study shows that Cazamian’s thinking as regards the philosophy of humor also contains an inadequately expressed tendency to conceive of humor as a way of criticizing humanity’s rigid approach to reality. The study attempts to highlight and develop this tendency with references to Bergson’s emphasis on the critical role of laughter and Cazamian’s reflections on the complex scope of the suggestive power of humor.
CS
Studie interpretuje a rozvíjí teorii humoru Louise Cazamiana. Ukazuje obrysy této teorie vytvořené v návaznosti na Bergsonovu obecnou teorii komična a na Bergsono‑ vy poznámky o humoru. V souvislosti s přiblížením Cazamianova pojetí mechanismu humoru jako transpozice přirozené reakce člověka na skutečnost do podoby vynale‑ zené responze si studie pokládá otázku po významu humoru v životě. K tomu tématu se přibližuje prostřednictvím zachycení vývoje Cazamianových názorů na možnost stanovení „filosofie“ humoru, přičemž vyzdvihuje jeho postupně se vynořující pře‑ svědčení o síle humoru osvobozovat člověka od naivního pohledu na skutečnost. Stu‑ die ukazuje, že Cazamianovo uvažování o filosofii humoru obsahuje i nedostatečně vyjádřenou tendenci pojmout humor jako nástroj kritiky strnulého přístupu člověka ke skutečnosti. Tuto tendenci se za pomoci poukazů na Bergsonovo zdůraznění kri‑ tické role smíchu a na Cazamianovy reflexe složité působnosti sugestivní síly humoru pokouší studie vyzdvihnout a rozvinout.
DE
In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Humortheorie Louis Cazamians interpretiert und entwickelt. Dabei werden die in Anknüpfung an Bergsons allgemeine Theorie des Ko‑ mischen und an Bergsons Anmerkungen zum Humor entstandenen Umrisse dieser Theorie aufgezeigt. Im Zusammenhang mit der Annäherung an Cazamians Auffas‑ sung zum Mechanismus des Humors als Transposition der natürlichen Reaktion des Menschen auf die Wirklichkeit in die Form einer erfundenen Antwort wird in der Studie die Frage nach der Bedeutung von Humor im Leben gestellt. Die Annäherung an dieses Thema erfolgt vermittels der Verfolgung der Entwicklung von Cazamians Ansichten zur Möglichkeit der Bestimmung einer „Philosophie“ des Humors, wobei Cazamians allmählich zutage tretende Überzeugung von der Kraft des Humors zur Befreiung des Menschen von dessen naiver Sicht auf die Wirklichkeit betont wird. Die Studie zeigt, dass Cazamians Gedanken zur Philosophie des Humors auch eine un‑ zureichend ausgedrückte Tendenz enthält, Humor als Instrument der Kritik am er‑ starrten Zugang des Menschen zur Wirklichkeit aufzufassen. In der Studie wird dabei versucht, diese Tendenz mithilfe von Verweisen auf Bergsons Betonung der kritischen Rolle des Lachens und auf Cazamians Reflexion der komplexen Wirkweise der Sugge‑ stivkräfte des Humors zu betonen und weiterzuentwickeln.
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WHERE THERE’S A WILL, THERE’S A WAY: PHILOSOPHICAL METAPHOR IN ŠVANTNER’S A LIFE WITHOUT END
EN
Jewish humour with a rich repertoire of forms is an integral part of Jewish culture. The article summarises the typical features of Jewish humour and presents an outline of its history from its beginning at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, through the times of immigrants to Palestine, from the first Aliyah (1882–1903), until the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, to the humour of modern Israel. The humour of Anna Fein – one of the important representatives of Russian-Israeli literature – is situated at the intersection of traditional Jewish humour, Israeli humour, and the mentality of a repatriate (the writer left Russia for Israel during the so-called Great Aliyah), creating an interesting Russian-Israeli version of Jewish humour. Fein’s humour fits in with the exemplary tone of archetypal Jewish humour. At the same time, referring not to the emotions, but to the recipient’s intellect, together with the assumption that humour must have pragmatic values, understood as the implementation of a utilitarian function, it brings the recipient closer to the postulates of Henri Bergson’s theory of laughter.
EN
This paper deals with Parmenides of Elea’s way of inquiry about reality and the opposition emerging from it. In more detail, it analyses how Parmenides’ concepts of logos and doxa present some analogies with Bergson’s thoughts about duration and Time and how these theories influenced the understanding of visual media, especially the cinematographic camera. This survey will allow us to demonstrate that some scientific theories about space that accompanied the development of the cinematographic camera progressively allowed for the birth of a new understanding of this device. In the last section of this study, we will then focus on the way through which the film camera - understood as an intelligent device - passes from the sphere of doxa to the sphere of logos.
EN
The paper deals with the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859—1941) taken from the perspective of anthropological themes it contains. The aim of the paper is to point out in what way in Bergson’s theory two dimensions of humanity are inter-linked. On the one hand, the man is presented as social being, creating smaller or larger social structures naturally and doomed to believe in what is irrational in equally natural way. On the other hand, Bergson raises a question about the basis of personality and consciousness of individual, and in relation with the broad framework of his theory of lasting, he takes every man as related in the very heart of his being with the whole world around.
DE
Der Gegenstand des vorliegenden Artikels ist die philosophische Lehre von Henri Bergson (1859—1941) hinsichtlich der darin auftretenden anthropologischen Elemente. Die Verfasserin möchte zeigen, auf welche Weise die zwei Dimensionen in Bergsons Betrachtung des Kerns von der Menschlichkeit miteinander verbunden sind. Ein Mensch erscheint hier einerseits als ein soziales Wesen, das von seiner Natur aus größere oder kleinere Sozialstrukturen bildet, und auch von seiner Natur aus auf das Vertrauen in Irreales angewiesen ist. Andererseits aber stellt Bergson die Frage nach der Grundlage von der menschlichen Persönlichkeit und vom menschlichen Bewusstsein, und da er seine Erwägungen vor dem Hintergrund seiner Dauerlehre führt, betrachtet er den Menschen als ein im tiefsten Inneren mit der ganzen ihn umgebenden lebenden Welt verbundenes Geschöpf.
EN
The author of the text sketches the major findings made in the field of memory research in the late nineteenth century, called by some “a golden age of memory,” and shows how these discoveries paved three different pathways for the exploration of memory by fiction writers in the twentieth century. She focuses, in particular, on the legacy of the three leading French and American psychologists: Henri Bergson, who placed memory processes and their duration in the metaphysical domain, Pierre Janet, who examined the functioning of automatic memory at the famous Salpêtrière clinic and actually founded the school of Dynamic Psychiatry, and William James, who in fact invented the notion of “the stream of consciousness,” adopted later by such eminent writers as James Joyce, William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf.
EN
The paper looks at the idea of grounding human freedom in selfhood, with particular attention to the strategies of “denaturalizing” time, resulting in its separation into different modalities. The perspective of practical philosophy, interested in accounting for and making legitimate the spontaneous first person assumption of being a free agent, is enriched with some historical references to different ontological and anthropological attempts at inscribing verticality or transcendence into the human self in order to secure to this self what is called here inalienable freedom. The paper focuses on some elements of Henri Bergson’s thought and tries to reinterpret them in terms of an example of a modern, anti-reductionist “immunization” of the triad of freedom – self – humanity. It also emphasizes the emancipatory potential and the novelty of Bergson’s conception of the human self.
PL
Tekst wychodzi od przyjrzenia się sensom ludzkiego życia w ujęciu Bergsona, na które otwiera nas zaproponowana przezeń metafora „insynuacji”. Analiza ta, wzbogacona o konfrontację z innym oryginalnym myślicielem epoki – George’em Santayaną, pozwala doświetlić fakt, że Bergsonowska ontologia pojmuje materię jako wrogą życiu i proponuje swoistą mediację polegającą na twórczym wykorzystaniu materii poprzez pamięć i wyobraźnię, które „odgrywają” przeszłość w masce teraźniejszości w interesie życia. Przedmiotem namysłu jest również formuła wolności wyłaniająca się z obu koncepcji świadomego życia – koncepcji Bergsona, dla którego kresem i spełnieniem jest początek albo pierwotny impuls, oraz koncepcji Santayany, która upatruje spełnienia w formach skończoności pojedynczego życia. Okazuje się, że tym, co łączy obie perspektywy jest spojrzenie na człowieka od strony wyzwania duchowego. Całości tych rozważań towarzyszy przekonanie o potrzebie powracania do tak rudymentarnych pojęć jak „człowieczeństwo” czy „duchowość”, które – dość niefortunnie - są dziś marginalizowane.
EN
The article analyzes Henri Bergson’s understanding of human life in the light of his metaphor of life as “insinuation.” Comparing his ideas with the ideas of another original thinker of the age, George Santayana, allows shedding light on Bergson’s ontological strategy of making matter– as a threat to life –subject to mediation. Memory and imagination use matter to play out the past in the guise of the present–for the sake of life. The text also focuses on the formulas of freedom arising out of both thinkers’ conceptions of conscious life – that of Bergson, for whom the horizon and the fulfillment can be found in the beginning, or the primary vital impulse, and that of Santayana, who sees fulfillment in the forms of finitude assumed by each particular life. Looking at humanity in terms of a spiritual challenge links both conceptions. The whole discussion responds to the need to return to such fundamental but sidestepped terms as “humanity” and “spirituality”.
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EN
This paper analyzes Tancrède de Visan’s early views on Symbolism as they appear in his foreword to the poetry collection Paysages introspectifs (1904). We put a special emphasis on some Bergsonian key notions, such as intuition or élan vital, and the way Visan uses them in order to distinguish the Parnass’ methods from those used by the Symbolists.
PL
The text Symbolic and philosophical similarities between Jan Kasprowicz’s and Janis Rainis’ poetry presents the figure of Kasprowicz – a great Polish modernist, and Rainis – a Latvian poet and playwright, a man of the theater, author of numerous works for children and a recognized translator of the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Gordon Byron, and Aleksander Pushkin. The analysis is directed toward the lyrical work of the Latvian and the Polish poet, emphasizing its symptomatic symbolism and philosophical influences (Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson) present in the phenomena of nature and love.
EN
The text Symbolic and philosophical similarities between Jan Kasprowicz’s and Janis Rainis’ poetry presents the figure of Kasprowicz – a great Polish modernist, and Rainis – a Latvian poet and playwright, a man of the theater, author of numerous works for children and a recognized translator of the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Gordon Byron, and Aleksander Pushkin. The analysis is directed toward the lyrical work of the Latvian and the Polish poet, emphasizing its symptomatic symbolism and philosophical influences (Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson) present in the phenomena of nature and love.
EN
The Bulgarian reader first encountered Bergson’s thought in the 1920s. For Bulgarian authors Bergson’s philosophy was astrong impulse to construct new aesthetic criteria. Philosophy of Bergson’s intuition awakened interest in matters of the soul and the instincts, which can be seen clearly in the diabolical works of S. Minkov, Ch. Mutafov and V. Polyanov, in the image of madmen and criminals of G. Raychev, in the beautiful and sinful protagonists of Y. Yovkov. In Yovkov’s artistic concept the sense of sight is seen as adeceptive and destructive power to anyone who trusts it. For a Bulgarian writer the eye is not an idealistic symbol of knowledge, on the contrary — the force of chaos and confusion. The author confirms the paradoxical nature of the sense of sight, which is an indelible combination of fascination and horror. Vision is that which frees and at the same time enslaves, causing in aman two opposing desires: to break out of the state of bad reverie and to endlessly stare at the source of human anxiety.
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