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EN
The paper is mainly concerned with Gottfried Benn’s complex attitude to the state and history. By means of introductory prefigurations, such as existential tensions related to the conflict between Protestant ethics and modern aesthetics, there emerges Benn’s difficult and complex relation to the state as such, seen as a product of history, and to its particular examples, starting from the Second Reich until the initial phase of West Germany. Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy, and in particular the philosophy of art, is of great importance in this context. This issue is discussed using Benn’s key works such as Roman des Phänotyp or Doppelleben. Benn’s literary and life self-creations played a vital role in his relations with the political reality and the state, which is discussed at the end of this analysis. His ambivalent relation to early West Germany has a strong biographical basis, i.e. his involvement with the history of the Nazi Germany on the one hand, and on the other – the period of his literary fame at the end of his life.
EN
The article deals with the participation of the "state of barons" (Herrenstand-, Freiherrenstand) in the representative assemblies of the German Reich and the Habsburg Hereditary Countries, which collectively constituted the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in the period of the 16th-18th centuries. Similarly, the participation of barons in the offices of the most important bodies has been evaluated including such instances as the Reich Chamber Court, Reichs Court Council, Court Court, and on the other hand, the role played by the barons in the clerical life of the Hereditary Lands. In this way, by combining the two images, we attempt to draw attention to the value of this group, which is difficult to overstate, for the existence of the state and indicate its broad aspirations and involvement in the public life of the state. For such self-realization played a significant role in the directions of the emperors' policy for three centuries, creating a partial supremacy of barons in both central and local offices.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o partycypacji „stanu baronów” (Herrenstand, Freiherrenstand) w zgromadzeniach reprezentanckich Rzeszy Niemieckiej oraz krajów dziedzicznych Habsburgów od XVI do XVIII w. Dokonano w nim wartościowania udziału baronów w urzędach i najważniejszych gremiach Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Narodu Niemieckiego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pierwszych, najważniejszych urzędów w takich instancjach, jak sąd kameralny Rzeszy, rada nadworna Rzeszy, sąd dworski, a z drugiej strony przedstawiono rolę, jaką odegrali baronowie w życiu urzędniczym ziem dziedzicznych. Starano się w ten sposób, poprzez połączenie obu wątków, zwrócić uwagę na trudną do przecenienia wartość tej grupy dla istnienia państwa oraz wskazać jej szerokie aspiracje i zaangażowanie w życie publiczne. Taka bowiem samorealizacja odegrała niebagatelną rolę w wyznaczaniu kierunków polityki cesarzy, na trzy stulecia, tworząc częściową supremację baronów na urzędach centralnych i lokalnych.
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