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PL
The Museum of 2000 years of German-Jewish History in Berlin, designed in 1989 by Daniela Libeskind, an architect of Polish origins, was to make a powerful reference to the Holocaust as well. Using an underground passage, the architect connected the existing Baroque edifice of the Kollegienhaus in Kreuzberg’s Lindenstrasse, with the building created to his design (the so-called Abteilung). The external form of the buildings is a steel, flat-topped structure, composed of cubical blocks, irregular and marked by incisive edges. Inside, this zig-zagging building was intersected by a straight structure, 4.5 m wide, 27 m high and 150 long, which runs interruptedly along the main axis. The resulting empty spaces, extending from the ground floor to the roof, are tightly isolated from the remaining sections of the edifice. The analysis conducted by the author targets the comparison of that structure of the Void with the Freudian notion of the Unheimlich (uncanny). The comparison was made in a conversation with Libeskind by the originator of the theory of deconstruction, Jacques Derrida. Unheimlich is a psychological notion, which in this case denotes “secret”, “hidden” Jewishness, which instead of remaining an “internally closed” aspect is manifested as a characteristic, “negative” reflection. The term, entangled in the context of architectural theory as well as in the notion of anti-monument, represents a starting point in considering the contemporary condition of German culture, where that Void /unheimlich is a constant, “burdensome” echo of the Holocaust.
DE
In der DDR-Literatur, in der die Problematik des Zweiten Weltkriegs zentral blieb, sind Texte, die den Völkermord an den Juden thematisieren, kaum präsent. Der Hauptgrund für diese Lücke liegt in der durch die SED-Spitze proklamierten politischen Linie: Die DDR-Führung, die den „antifaschistischen Gründungsmythos“ kreierte, ernannte den sozialistischen Staat zum „Sieger der Geschichte“ und wollte somit keine Verantwortung für die Shoah übernehmen. Darüber hinaus führte das DDR-Regime eine aggressive antiisraelische Politik. Das Schaffen Stephan Hermlins aus dem Gründungsjahr der DDR (1949) ist eines der wenigen Beispiele für die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Holocaust in der DDR-Literatur. Zum Ausgangspunkt seiner Ausführungen werden die von ihm 1949 besuchten Erinnerungsorte: Auschwitz und Warschauer Ghetto-Ehrendenkmal. Das Gedenken der Ermordeten wird bei dem Autor zur absoluten Referenz.
PL
W literaturze NRD, dla której problematyka II wojny światowej była tematem centralnym, teksty poświęcone zagładzie Żydów są niemalże nieobecne. Powodem tej luki są względy polityczne: przywódcy NRD wykreowali „antyfaszystowski mit założycielski” państwa i ogłosili się „zwycięzcami historii”, ponadto prowadzili agresywną politykę antyizraelską. Teksty Stephana Hermlina, powstałe w 1949 r., czyli w roku utworzenia NRD, są jednym z niewielu przykładów mierzenia się z Holokaustem w literaturze tworzonej we Wschodnich Niemczech. Punkt wyjścia rozważań Hermlina stanowią odwiedzone przez niego w 1949 r. miejsca pamięci: Auschwitz i Pomnik Bohaterów Getta Warszawskiego. Pamięć o zamordowanych staje się w jego tekstach wartością nadrzędną.
EN
In the literature of the GDR, where the problem of the II World War was a central topic, texts that were related to the annihilation of the European Jews were almost nonexistent. The reasons of this void were political matters: The political leaders of the GDR created so called “anti-fascist creator myth” of a new country and claimed themselves as “the heroes of the history”; additionally they declared aggressive anti-Israeli politics. The works of Stephan Hermlin, written in 1949, in the same year as the creation of the GDR, are a few of the examples that faced the Holocaust in the literature generated in the East Germany. The main starting points in the author’s writings were the places of the remembrance that he visited in 1949: Auschwitz and the Monument of the Heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; in his writings the memory of the murdered victims becomes a value of a superior significance.
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