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1
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On the contents of Niklas Warkotsch’s 1594 report in the light of his Moscow missions

100%
Panov V.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2019
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vol. 105
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issue 2
277-292
EN
This article treats the origin and contents of a report from 19 March 1594 written by Niklas Warkotsch, the envoy of the Roman-German empire. It provides evidence that this is a description of Warkotsch’s second mission to Moscow, and not the third as has been claimed by Friedrich von Adelung. From the analysis and comparison of Austrian and Russian primary sources it transpires that this document is a description of the delegation sent in 1593–1594 to Moscow. During this mission Warkotsch was negotiating for a broad anti-Turkish coalition and for the support for the Holy Roman Empire’s military ambitions. According to some opinions, the imperial legate then also unintentionally hastened the demise of the head of Russian diplomacy, Andrey Shchelkalov. The overall purpose of Warkotsch’s mission, concisely described in this article, was to strengthen relations with Moscow as well as to foster their shared opposition to Poland and later also to the Turks. Despite this, neither an alliance between the empire and Russia nor a broad-based anti-Turkish coalition were ever created, which was due to the variances in the two sides’ political interests and in their manners of tackling political problems, and not at all on account of mistakes made by Warkotsch
2
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Směnné kursy jako nástroj mocenské politiky v Římsko-německé říši počátkem čtyřicátých let 16. století

88%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2014
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vol. 112
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issue 3
379-401
EN
The study deals with the question of monetary integration of the Holy Roman Empire, the main result of which was the adoption of the imperial mint orders from 1524, 1551 and 1559 and the amendment to the imperial mint order from 1566. The author sees the beginning of the 1540s as a significant turning point in this process, when there was still the possibility of a compromise solution to the religious disputes within the Empire, and when the opposition imperial princes were willing to contribute financially and personally to the Habsburgs’ military operations in the conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire. The author analyses the content of the 1542 mint agreement and documents the political contexts which lead to an acceptance by the Habsburgs of exchange rates unfavourable for the Austrian lands.
3
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THE NOMINATION OF CZECH SOVEREIGN PŘEMYSL OTAKAR II FOR THE GERMAN THRONE AND HIS PASSIVE PARTICIPATION IN THE ELECTION RACE OF 1256–1257

75%
Likhtei I.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
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2019
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issue 28
174-191
EN
The article traces the twists and turns concerning the nomination of Czech Sovereign Přemysl Otakar II for the German throne, and his role in the election race of 1256 – 1257. In preparing this study, the author investigated Annals and Chronicles, created in different regions of the Holy Roman Empire. In the middle of the 13th century the Czech Kingdom gradually reached the level of European states in all spheres of social and political life, its authority and power increased. In view of favourable international context in Central Europe and the successful economic development, Czech Sovereigns from the Přemyslid dynasty have begun to play important roles on the international scene. The status and authorities of the Prince-electors attest to the recognition of their authority. They were provided with the rights to elect the German kings, which usually became Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. The author notes that shortly after Přemysl Otakar II inherited the power in the Czech Kingdom in 1253, his authority among the powerful rulers of the Holy Roman Empire increased. Some of them were in opposition to the German King William of Holland and decided to nominate the Czech ruler. However, he, focusing on the Pontifical Curia, did not use that opportunity, and after the death of William of Holland no longer anyone proposed to nominate him. That is why Přemysl Otakar II, as the prince-elector, was passive in the election of a new German ruler and through the mediation of ambassadors and authorized persons supported both pretenders – Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso X the Wise. Their election testified that the period without the king – interregnum – continued in the Holy Roman Empire has been to Přemysl Otakar II's benefit.
4
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From medieval multinational Empire to early modern nation states (Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe during the 14th-16th centuries)

75%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2023
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vol. 121
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issue 2
365-388
EN
The emergence of nation states in Europe is associated in contemporary historiography with the French Revolution and the development of national movements in the 19th century. The author draws attention to an earlier phase of the formation of nation states, which was related to the power-political crisis of the Holy Roman Empire in the second half of the 15th century. The medieval Empire crossed the boundaries of three major language groups that were mutually unintelligible (Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages). At the time of the creation of the Estates’ monarchies at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, the question of linguistic identity became an important state-forming element.
5
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The Delegation of the Bohemian King-Elector to the Election of the New Roman King in Frankfurt am Main, 1745

75%
Kubeš J.
Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
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2022
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vol. 6
65-97
EN
It may seem that we know a lot about the elections and coronations of Roman kings and emperors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and this also applies to the one of 1745, when Francis I Stephen became emperor. However, very little attention has been paid to the electoral delegations, their tasks, and their role in the pre-election negotiations. This article will therefore analyse the instructions issued by Queen Maria Theresa of Bohemia, who did not personally come to Frankfurt am Main for the election, to her diplomats. The analysis will then be supplemented by additional sources from the National Archives in Prague, where the reports of the delegation and other sources have been preserved. The election of 1745 is thoroughly compared with the elections of 1657–58 (Leopold I), 1711 (Charles VI), and 1742 (Charles VII). The author shows who made up the Bohemian delegation and how some of these diplomats’ tasks changed over time. Although the delegation of three noblemen – Counts Wurmbrand and Khevehüller, and Baron Hilleprand – had mainly ceremonial tasks, its role was also crucial in the actual negotiations, both on the very day of the election, then when it represented the Queen in the cathedral, and finally in conclave vote and when it was given other tasks (such as organising the celebratory banquet, illuminating the houses, etc.). It is evident that the delegation helped Queen Maria Theresa and her family regain possession of the imperial title.
6
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…Wallhausen. Jeszcze raz o denarze z legendą +UVALHVZE

63%
Chabrzyk P.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2016
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vol. 62
79-92
PL
Przedmiotem tej pracy są kwestie ewentualnego miejsca produkcji denara krzyżowego z napisem otokowym +UVALHVZE, wiązanego z miejscowością Wallhausen nad Helmą. Poruszono tematykę chronologii jego produkcji, a także kierunki przepływu w świetle rozrzutu znalezisk z udziałem tej monety. Na temat tych szczególnych monet stoczona została u progu lat 30-tych XX wieku zażarta dyskusja, pomiędzy dwoma znakomitymi numizmatykami epoki - Juliusem Menadierem a Marianem Gumowskim. Niemiecki numizmatyk datował tę monetę na początek XI wieku i przypisywał działalności menniczej opatki kwedlinburskiej Matyldy. W napisie widział nazwę niewielkiej miejscowości Wallhausen nad Helmą, w której znajdował się cesarski dwór. Gumowski przypisywał tę monetę palatynowi Sieciechowi i datował na około 1080 rok. Analiza skarbów i pojedynczego znaleziska z wyspy Schulzenwerder pozwoliła na zawężenie chronologii monety na lata po 1060 a przed 1070 rokiem. Prawdopodobnie Menadier miał rację widząc w legendzie nazwę miejscowości Wallhausen, brak jest innych możliwości interpretacji tej legendy. Emitentem monety mógł być biskup naumburski Eberhard (1045-1079), lub też arcybiskupstwo magdeburskie, pod którego zwierzchnictwem znajdował się Naumburg. Moneta wybita została jednym stemplem awersu, który był poddawany naprawom, oraz dwoma stemplami rewersu.
EN
The topic of this paper is the issue of a possible place of coining the cross denarii with the legend +UVALHVZE, associated with the town of Wallhausen on the Helme river. Chronology of the coin production is touched upon, as well as the direction of its inflow based on the spread of hoards containing that piece. In the early 1930’s a heated debate regarding those coins took place between two distinguished numismatist of that time – Julius Menadier and Marian Gumowski. The German scholar dated the coin to the beginning of the 11th century and connected it with Mathilde the Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the legend he saw the name of a small town – Wallhausen on the Helme, where the Emperors palace was located. Gumowski on the other hand linked the coins with the count palatine Sieciech and dated it close to the year 1080. The analysis of hoards and a single find from the Schulzenwerder island allowed for the narrowing of the coins chronology to the years 1060-1070. It was Menadier who was probably right in linking it with the town of Wallhausen as we lack other interpretations of the legend. It could have been minted by Eberhard the Bishop of Naumburg (1045-1079), or by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg which was the superior of Naumburg. The coins had been minted with one obverse die, which with the passage of time was repaired and two reverse dies.
7

The Bolognese Societates Armatae of the Late 13thCentury

63%
Gassmann J.
Acta Periodica Duellatorum
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2014
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vol. 2
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issue 1
195-231
EN
The Bologna archives preserve the bye-laws of 24 „armed societies”, dating from between 1230 and the early 1300s, written in good notary Latin. Though known to exist in other Italian city-states, only few non-Bolognese armed society bye-laws are preserved. These armed societies had disappeared everywhere by the Late Middle Ages. This article explores the function of these armed societies and the feudal law aspects of the bye-laws - was their function predominantly military, social or political? Why did they suddenly appear, and just as suddenly disappear? How did they fit into Bologna’s constitution - how did they relate to the civic authorities, the guilds? How did these armed societies operate? Who were the members? What arms did they have? Did they participate in the warfare between the city-states, the battles of the Lombard League and the Holy Roman Empire, the struggles between the Emperor and the Pope, the feuds between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs?
8
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Habsbursko-osmanské soupeření v Uhrách v kontextu říšských a papežských dějin (Tažení křesťanského vojska k Budínu roku 1542)

63%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2019
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vol. 117
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issue 4
935-991
EN
The author provides new context in explaining the unsuccessful attempt of Western Christianity to reclaim the Hungarian city of Pest in 1542 in the wider political context of that time. He takes into account the interdependence of other military actions, which took place in parallel and significantly influenced the course of this campaign to Hungary (the French offensive in the Netherlands and Catalonia and the occupation of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by troops of the Schmalkaldic League). The vast majority of the Imperial army only passively participated in the brief siege of the city of Pest. The conquest of the city at the beginning of October 1542 was attempted mainly by Hungarian and Italian troops, especially the infantry units of the papal army, which was sent to Hungary by Pope Paul III. Based on a new research of sources from the accounting documentation of the Papal Chamber, the author performs a detailed analysis of the personnel composition of this papal army.
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Die Edition von Privilegien als Rechtsquellen in Deutschland und in ihrer europäischen Perspektive

63%
Mohnhaupt H.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 3
419–432
EN
This paper examines the history and contemporary practice of the edition of privileges in the context of the term “source of law”. In all legal systems, the term “source of law” has a quality of normative power or of authority for the decision-making processes. In this sense, the research question decides about their property as sources of law. This raises the question of the content and function of privileges in the history of law. While the individual and special privilegia form a contrast to common law or general legislation as leges privatae, on the other hand, they are also part of the greater category of law and legislation in general. This accounts for their enormous instrumentality in the creation of legal systems. Privileges may extend to all matters of private and public law (economy, trade, invention, jurisdiction, constitution, rights of estates etc.). They have appeared as a mass phenomenon since the Middle Ages. The different characteristics of the sources in turn connote both problems and possibilities for their edition, both in the past and the present. Different forms and functions of their publication and edition can be distinguished for the Ancien Régime. Publications of privileges of estates often served political interests, the publication of private-law privileges, thus, served to protect individual legal positions and their probability in court. Today, the edition of privileges is determined by the research objectives in European legal history and, in the face of the mass phenomenon of this type of source, is hampered by the problem of criteria for their selection. Editions on the jurisdiction and economic development in the Old Reich have been published in Germany and Austria in recent years (1980, 1981). They attest to the traditional power of privileges and show the important meaning for the ordering and shaping of law up until the 19th century.
10
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The historical and theoretical evolution of collective security (including in the Baltic Sea region) from the 1648 Westphalia Peace to Woodrow Wilson’s 1920 League of Nations

51%
Davis M.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2016
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vol. 10
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issue 1
75-98
EN
Modern political thinkers have ushered in the theoretical concepts of modern alliances and collective security/defense. Before these political theories were turned into modern organizations, many radical changes had to take place in how international relations were perceived in Europe and the world. These dynamic changes started at the end of the Thirty Years War, with the signing of the Westphalia treaties in 1648, and came to fruition with the forming of the League of Nations in 1920. This article explores this 272 year historical process including its impact on the population of the Baltic Sea countries.
11
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Niemcy o Polsce i Polakach? O różnych poziomach transferu treści kulturowych w średniowieczu

51%
Wiszewski P.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2018
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vol. 125
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issue 3
PL
Artykuł omawia pracę Andrzeja Pleszczyńskiego dotyczącą przedstawienia obrazu Polski i jej mieszkańców nie tylko w historiografii, ale w ogóle w komunikatach pisanych i ikonograficznych powstałych w Niemczech od drugiej połowy X w. do 1370 r. Autor artykułu zwraca uwagę na dyskusyjny charakter przyjętego przez Pleszczyńskiego założenia o istnieniu w badanym okresie dwóch spójnych narodów – niemieckiego i polskiego. Podkreśla, że część tekstów mogła powstać jako wyraz tożsamości regionalnej. The article discusses the book by Andrzej Pleszczyński on the image of Poland and its people presented not only in historiography, but also in all written and iconographic materials produced in Germany between the second half of the tenth century and 1370. The article’s author pays attention to the discursive character of Pleszczyński’s assumption about the existence of two organized and cohesive nations in the analysed period – the German and the Polish one. He emphasizes that some of the texts could have been written as expression of the regional identity.
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