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EN
This article presents the results of research on the parish church of St. Sigismund and St. Hedwig of Silesia at Koźle. The introduction presents an analysis of scarce written and iconographic sources and discusses the existing literature. On the basis of architectural research, a comparative analysis, and information from 1293, the oldest parts were separated, including the two-bay chancel whose construction was set in the second half of the 13th century. The date of the transfer of the temple's patronage to the Order of the Knights Hospitaller of St John in Jerusalem remains unknown; it may have taken place in the first half of the 14th century. This dating is confirmed by a reference to the chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary of 1323. The first mention of a commandery does not come until 1392. It is likely that the chapel may have been built on the south side of the choir in the first half of the 14th century, with the chancel being enlarged slightly later. The pseudo-hall three-nave body with a tower was probably erected in the second half of the 15th century. The sgraffito decoration of the facade, the rebuilding of the Blessed Virgin Mary Chapel and the tower roof were funded by Jan von Oppersdorff around 1570.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań kościoła parafialnego pw. św. Zygmunta i św. Jadwigi Śląskiej w Koźlu. We wstępie przedstawiono analizę skromnych źródeł pisanych oraz ikonograficznych, a także omówiono dotychczasową literaturę. Bazując na badaniach architektonicznych, analizie porównawczej oraz informacji z 1293 r. wydzielono najstarsze partie, obejmujące dwuprzęsłowe prezbiterium, którego budowę osadzono w drugiej połowie XIII wieku. Data przekazania patronatu nad świątynią Zakonowi Rycerskiego Szpitala św. Jana w Jerozolimie  pozostaje nieznana, mogła to mieć miejsce w I połowie XIV wieku. Taką datację potwierdza wzmianka o kaplicy NMP w 1323 r. Pierwsza wzmianka o komturze pochodzi dopiero z 1392 r. Prawdopodobnie kaplica mogła powstać po południowej stronie chóru w I połowie XIV wieku, a nieco później powiększono prezbiterium. Pseudohalowy trójnawowy korpus z wieżą wzniesiono przypuszczalnie w II połowie XV wieku. Dekorację sgraffitową elewacji, przebudowę kaplicy NMP oraz dach wieży około 1570 r. ufundował Jan von Oppersdorff.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the parish church of Nativity of the Blessed  Virgin Mary in Głubczyce. In the introduction presents a analysis of written and iconographic sources and discusses the current literature on the subject. Based on architectural research and comparative analysis, it was considered that the first church was probably built in the third quarter of the 13th century and consisted of a rectangular two-span presbytery, sacristy and a three-nave basilica body with an unfinished tower massif. It was passed to the patronage ofThe Knights Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in the 1279. Probably in the first half of the 14th century, the presbytery was enlarged and the body was transformed into a hall layout with western and southern portals. After leaving the temple by the Knights of St. John in 1526, in 1579 the south tower was raised, crowning it with a Renaissance helmet.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań kościoła parafialnego p.w Narodzenia NMP w Głubczycach. We wstępie przedstawiono analizę źródeł pisanych i ikonograficznych oraz omówiono aktualną literaturę. Na podstawie badań architektonicznych i analizy porównawczej uznano, że pierwszy kościół został prawdopodobnie zbudowany w trzeciej ćwierci XIII wieku i złożony był z prostokątnego dwuprzęsłowego prezbiterium, zakrystii i trójnawowego korpusu bazylikowego z niedokończonym masywem wieżowym. Patronat nad świątynią przekazano Zakonowi Rycerskiego Szpitala Św. Jana w Jerozolimie w 1279 roku.  Prawdopodobnie w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku powiększono prezbiterium, a korpus przekształcono nadając mu układ halowy z portalami zachodnimi i południowymi. Po opuszczeniu świątyni przez joannitów w 1526 roku w 1579 r. wzniesiono wieżę południową, zwieńczoną renesansowym hełmem.
EN
Because the alliance between the Cumans and Bulgaria was a danger both for Hungary and the Latin Empire, it was preferable for Hungary to extend its domination over Cumania. The Teutonic knights were settled in south-eastern Transylvania in 1211 to defend it against the Cumans, who, after 1214, became enemies also for Bulgaria. Besides the few fortresses built in the Bârsa land, there is no certain proof for an expansion of the Teutonic Order outside the Carpathians, and by consecquence of the Hungarian kingdom, in the period before the Mongol invasion of 1241. After the departure of the Teutonic knights in 1225, Cumania became the target of the Dominican mission which was present since around 1221 in Terra Severin, a north-Danubian Bulgarian possession. The Cuman bishopric was established in 1227. The subjection of these Cumans made useless the preservation of the Hungarian-Bulgarian alliance closed in 1214, and the consequence was the annexation of Terra Severin by Hungary, sometimes between 1228 and 1232, as a Banat. The final act of the Hungarian expansion in Cumania was the introduction of the title of King of Cumania by Bela IV in 1236. The region where it was established the bishopric of Cumania continued to be under the influence of the Church of Tărnovo, even after the end of the domination of the Bulgarian state in this north-Danubian territory. In 1241, the Cuman bishopric was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. Because the Golden Horde domination did not extend west of Olt in the first years after 1242, Bela IV tried to regain positions by summoning the Hospitaller Knights in 1247. Terra Severin remained a part of the Hungarian kingdom, but the function of Ban was abandoned or suspended. One mission of the Hospitallers was to extend the Hungarian domination in Cumania, in the regions which were then conquered by the Mongols. The Mongol domination prevented the emergence of a Cuman kingdom in Moldavia, vassal of Hungary. Only the decline of the Golden Horde made possible a new penetration of the Hungarian kingdom in the former Cumania, in 1345. The former Cumania entered in the new states created during the 14th century by the Romanians liberated from the Hungarian domination, Wallachia and Moldavia.
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