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1

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA AKO METÓDY SPOLOČENSKO-HUMANITNÝCH DISCIPLÍN

100%
Halas J.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
71 - 89
EN
The methods of abstraction and idealization are commonly viewed as basic to both the natural and the social sciences. Since the 1970s, they have been also a focus of attention in the philosophy and methodology of science. However, their nature as methods, i.e., sequences of instructions, has not been adequately explicated. The paper attempts to capture the core of these methods in the sense of the simplified sequences of instructions. The proposal is illustrated in a reconstruction of the application of both methods in economics as a representative of the social sciences.
2

LESZEK NOWAK, IDEALIZATION AND INTERPRETATION

100%
Brzechczyn K.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2023
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vol. 30
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issue 2
148 – 152
EN
The paper is a voice in discussion over Giacomo Borbone’s book The Relevance of Models. Idealization and Concretization in Leszek Nowak. The author characterizes intellectual tradition of Poznań School of Methodology and considers types of interpretation of Marx’s writing adopted by Nowak and his collaborators. According to him idealization theory of sciences resulted from two kinds of interpretations: adaptive and historical ones.
3

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA VO FILOZOFFI VEDY I

100%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2015
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vol. 70
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issue 7
546 – 559
EN
The paper presents a survey of classical and contemporary approaches to abstraction and idealization in the philosophy of science. This first part of the paper provides a brief explication of both terms and focuses on the contributions of Leszek Nowak and Ernan McMullin. Nowak’s notions of gradual concretization and deformation procedures are discussed, as are McMullin’s different types of idealization techniques. The final section of this first part of the paper is devoted to the contributions of Czechoslovak philosophers, especially to Václav Černík, who developed an interest in idealization independently of the Poznan School. The second part of the paper will summarize more recent discussions on this topic.
4

COMMENTS ON BORBONE’S THE RELEVANCE OF MODELS

100%
García de la Sienra A.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2023
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vol. 30
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issue 2
160–162
EN
After a brief comment on the historical importance of the Polish School of Logic, actually the cradle of structuralist philosophy of science, I discuss a problem in the notion of idealization, which usually is seen as a mere dropping of nullifying assumptions in order to obtain a more general theory-element.
5

MARX A WEBER O METÓDE ABSTRAKCIE (I)

100%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2016
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vol. 71
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issue 9
771 - 778
EN
Based on primary sources, the paper reconstructs the method of abstraction used by two founding figures of modern social science: Karl Marx and Max Weber. According to both thinkers, this method plays a key role in social science. But although their views on the nature of the method are largely identical, the paper describes important differences between them in terms of (i) the cognitive goals with which the method is applied, (ii) the epistemic status of the results of its application, (iii) the criteria of correct application of the method and (iv) the supposed relation of abstraction to the distinction between the natural and the social sciences. This first part of the paper deals with the notion of abstraction which underpins Marxʼs “critique of political economy”.
6

METÓDA EXPLANÁCIE AKO POSTUPNOSŤ INŠTRUKCIÍ

100%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2017
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vol. 72
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issue 9
711 – 723
EN
The paper proposes a sequence of instructions that corresponds to the method of explanation in its ideal form. The method of explanation is not analytic. Nevertheless, its particular executions may be analytic without affecting its specific cognitive goal (the growth in understanding). Therefore, the method is characterized as “potentially analytic”. Drawing on Zeleňák’s critique of a purely causal view of the explanation relation, as well as on some arguments against Zeleňák’s “mixed view”, the paper argues for a view of the explanation relation as obtaining between abstract objects (the explanans and the explanandum). In the classic case, these are propositions: what is described by (the proposition in) the explanans explains what is described by (the proposition in) the explanandum.
7

MARX A WEBER O METÓDE ABSTRAKCIE (II)

100%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2016
|
vol. 71
|
issue 10
809 – 820
EN
In the second part of his paper, the author reconstructs Weber’s notion of the method of abstraction, especially as related to so-called ideal types. Similarly to the previous part, the author focuses on the cognitive goals, with which the application of the method is associated, the epistemic status of the results of its application, the criteria of the correct application of the method and the supposed relation between abstraction and the natural/social sciences distinction. Deriving from the comparison of Marx’s and Weber’s views on abstraction he shows that the contributions of both thinkers confirm the hypothesis that analytic (non-empirical) methods of abstraction and idealization, as used in the social sciences, do not in principle differ from similar procedures used in the natural sciences.
8

ABSTRAKCIA A IDEALIZÁCIA VO FILOZOFII VEDY II

88%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2015
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vol. 70
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issue 8
633 – 646
EN
This paper is a survey of classical and contemporary approaches to abstraction and idealization in the philosophy of science. In this second part, it focuses on the more recent contributions by Martin Jones, Michael Weisberg and Michael Strevens. The final section is devoted to the problem of so-called non-Galilean idealization or idealization without successful representation, as discussed by Andrew Wayne, Yasha Rohwer, Collin Rice and Alisa Bokulich. By way of conclusion, the paper elaborates on the preliminary characterization of the two methods provided in the first part, and offers some more general observations on the development of the discussion since the 1970s.
9

COMMENTS ON GIACOMO BORBONE’S BOOK THE RELEVANCE OF MODELS. IDEALIZATION AND CONCRETIZATION IN LESZEK NOWAK

88%
Hanzel I.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2023
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
163 – 164
EN
Chapter II of Borbone’s book addresses Nowak’s innovative views and reconstruction of the methods used in Marx’s economic works, namely, Marx’s delineation of the law of value, as well as Marx’s explanation based on this law as performed by the method of gradual concretization. In Chapter III, Borbone provides a comparison of Nowak’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation with that of Hempel. From that comparison Nowak’s approach comes out as superior to that of Hempel due to the former’s ability to reconstruct laws containing equations, the possibility to address the issue of the explanation of a scientific law from other scientific laws, as well as a more fine-grained view on the very nature scientific explanation.
10

NOWAK, MODELS, AND THE LESSONS OF NEO-KANTIANISM

88%
Turner S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2023
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
165 – 170
EN
Models are the coin of the realm in current philosophy of science, as they are in science itself, having replaced laws and theories as the primary strategy. Logical Positivism tried to erase the older neo-Kantian distinction between ideal constructions and reality. It returns in the case of models. Nowak’s concept of idealization provided an alternative account of this issue. It construed model application as concretizations of hypotheses which improve by accounting for exceptions. This appears to account for physical law. But it raises the problem of uniqueness: is the result unique, as physical law should be? Neo-Kantianism failed this test. Its solutions were circular justifications for claims of uniqueness. Nowak inherited the problem without resolving it.
11

IRRATIONALITY AND MANIFESTATIONS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVAK ADOLESCENTS

88%
Kordacova J.
Studia Psychologica
|
2003
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vol. 45
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issue 4
345-355
EN
The present study had for aim to assess how far the measure of irrational beliefs corresponds with selected types of fear and anxiety in a sample of secondary school students (N = 115). Two original Slovak scales were used: The Scale of Classical Fears and Stage Fright, Social situational fears (KSAT) and the Scale of Irrational Beliefs (IPA). The highest number of significant relations between irrationality and anxiety was noted with the factor of irrational idealization and anxiety. Idealization positively corresponded with the total KSAT scores as also with all the forms of fear. Perfectionism was related to the overall level of anxiety, and specifically to stage fright with which also corresponded irrationally-tinged negative expectations and the overall measure of irrationality. The latter was also related to experiencing of fear in social situations. The results vary in dependence on subjects' gender and are discussed also within the conceptual framework of the rational-emotive behavioral theory (REBT).
12

ABSTRAKCIA, IDEALIZÁCIA A POUŽÍVANIE ARGUMENTOV

88%
Halas J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2019
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vol. 74
|
issue 9
705 – 720
EN
The methods of abstraction and idealization are typically examined in connection with their applications in modelling and explanation. This paper investigates how the use of abstract and idealized models in arguments structures the process of argumentation. If a discussant uses an idealized model to justify a thesis, they also adopt an implicit or explicit attitude towards the idealizing assumptions it involves. The precise nature of this attitude determines the argumentation strategies available to the opponent. If the proponent views the assumptions as approximating the actual state of affairs, the opponent can request a de-idealization of the model. On the other hand, if the model is viewed as a non-Galilean idealization, or in a purely instrumental way, the opponent must challenge the relevance of the model with respect to the target system. However, as illustrated by the debate on minimum wage, even empirical evidence need not always provide a clear-cut resolution of the difference in opinion.
13

ON HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF LESZEK NOWAK’S IDEALIZATIONAL CONCEPTION OF SCIENCE

88%
Wierzchosławski R. P.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2023
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
137 – 147
EN
The famous saying Habent sua fata libeli, can also apply to (philosophical) ideas, especially the most abstract ones. As it seems, the invocation of this maxim may have also some application in interpreting the concept of idealization of the concept of science, for the understanding of which it is useful to pay attention to the historical, social and political context. I argue that the analytical Marxism of the Poznan School of the 1970s and 1980s was a philosophical reflection of certain modernization processes of the real socialist system (the managerial revolution and the technocratic modernization of the Gierek era), which was an attempt to “escape forward” from the dysfunctional “manual control” of the system during the period of minor stabilization of the 1960s. At the same time, this period ended the ideological functions of Marxist philosophy (March 1968) by introducing an expert dimension that emphasized the use of contemporary currents of thought present in the thought of Western countries. The idealizing interpretation of Marx as an insightful methodologist, whose legacy makes it possible to overcome methodological dilemmas in modern philosophy of science, was also aimed at finding such an aspect that made it possible to defend against factual charges directed against the Marxist system in the social sciences. A refined conceptual scheme was supposed to give the nimbus of being scientific. However, the sophistication of the late scholasticism of analytical Marxism did not save this construction in its empirical verification (the problem of predicting social phenomena) and led the author to create a non-Marxist Historical Materialism as a separate theory, which was to focus on the structural-functional analysis of the historical process, which involved putting aside the study of idealization “to the side.”
14

ORIGINALITY OF LESZEK NOWAK’S PHILOSOPHICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL THOUGHT

75%
Borbone G.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2023
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
171 – 181
EN
One of the central aspects of contemporary epistemology lies in the difference between abstraction and idealization. While the former consists of the generalization of empirical facts, with the latter, those factors deemed secondary are neglected in order to operationalize instead those factors deemed essential. In the early years of the twentieth century, the authors such as Cassirer and Husserl acutely pointed out the limitations of abstraction, re-evaluating instead the idealizing character of scientific concepts. This distinction was also the subject of an important epistemological work published in 1980, namely The Structure of Idealization by Polish philosopher of science Leszek Nowak. At this point a question arises. In what does the originality of Leszek Nowak’s reflection consist of? It could be said that Nowak’s importance is here twofold: terminological and systematic. From the terminological point of view Nowak made a very clear distinction between abstraction and idealization, which instead in the authors such as Cassirer and Husserl are much more blurred or veiled. From the systematic point of view Nowak has extensively analysed the way mature science works. In other words, Nowak highlighted the limits – but also the values – of contemporary epistemology by comparing the latter with the idealizational approach to science.
15

METÓDY ABSTRAKCIE, IDEALIZÁCIE A KONKRETIZÁCIE V LOGIKE: PRÍPAD POSUNUTÉHO ČASU VO FAKTUÁLNÝCH KONDICIONÁLOCH

75%
Gahér F.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2020
|
vol. 75
|
issue 8
660 – 676
EN
The article deals with methods of abstraction, idealization and concretization in logic with a focus on the dimension of time in case of factual conditionals(in which an antecedent is stated as true and often introduced to by a conjunction „since“) with a time-shifted consequent in relation to the antecedent. We claim that the idealization of the time parameter in logic has led to its successful application to timeless mathematics, but without re-concretization it provides a crude tool for the analysis of linguistic communication in natural language. When concretizing the time parameter in conditional predictions, some authors even question the rules of classical logic. We reject the paradoxical character of classical logic as well as the pragmatic solution to this problem, because - as we show on the example of the rule of strengthening the antecedent - it would lead to boundless enthymematicity of predictions. We propose a solution according to which conditionals are masked abbreviations of arguments, in which a producer assumes the validity of a set of necessary conditions (albeit unspecified) and the principle of ceteris paribus.
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