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1

SEARCH STRATEGIES USED TO LOCALIZE AND IDENTIFY GENES CO-DETERMINED INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR

100%
Dragan W. L.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2005
|
vol. 12
41-57
EN
The main goal of this paper was to present methods, which have been applied to localize and identify genes related to individual differences in behavior and other complex traits. Both linkage analysis (parametric and non-parametric) and association approach are discussed using examples of studies, in which said methods have been employed. The paper ends with a short review of molecular genetic techniques used to search for genes related to behavior.
2

SAME-DIFFERENT DISCRIMINATION: SIMULTANEOUS VERSUS SUCCESSIVE PRESENTATION OF STIMULI

100%
Soliunas A., Gurciniene O.
Studia Psychologica
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2007
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vol. 49
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issue 1
27-38
EN
It was found that in the same-different task when a participant has to answer whether several presented stimuli are identical or different, the participants can apply two stimuli comparison strategies - holistic or analytic. In the present investigation, it was attempted to assess if the manifestation of such individual differences can depend on the stimuli presentation procedure - successive or simultaneous. The psychophysical experiments of same-different task were carried out in which figures, irregular polygons of various degree of similarity, were presented in pairs simultaneously or successively. In the case of successive presentation of figures, the participants were divided into two groups: for the majority of participants, same-different discrimination had an inverse relationship on the degree of similarity - the more two figures were similar, the lower was the accuracy and the longer response time; for the other participants, same-different discrimination did not depend on the similarity of figures. In the case of simultaneous presentation, the participants clearly did not differ by the pattern of the task performances.
3
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Individual differences in wild (WWCPS) rat — manifested in the exploration box

100%
Pisula W.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2010
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vol. 41
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issue 1
31-35
EN
Thirty nine WWCPS rats were tested in the exploration box throughout fifteen sessions. Factor analysis was run to extract the main dimensions describing rat behavior. Two factors were extracted, confirming the validity of the concept of two dimensional structure of individual differences in rats. Hierarchical cluster analysis run on factor scores showed that only three out of a possible four types of factor combinations are actually present within observed group of animals. In terms of individual differences structure, the study provide support for the view that laboratory rats are still rats.
4
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Indywidualizacja procesu kształcenia uczniów jako wyzwanie edukacyjne w XXI wieku

100%
Christ M.
Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW
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2013
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issue 1
19-36
EN
The article presents the individualization of the educational process as an increasingly common trend in education. The aim of the text is to present the part of research on ‘Individualization and effectiveness of the education process and the directional abilities of students in an integrated early childhood education’ (project tutor prof. S. Juszczyk).
5

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF INTELLIGENCE

100%
Necka E., Orzechowski J.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
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2006
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vol. 14
43-61
EN
The chapter contains a review of research and state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the neural mechanisms of intelligence. The review is divided into four parts, referring to the hypothetical bases of relations between intelligence and structure of the brain or its functions. The following areas of research are therefore discussed: (1) localization of intelligence in the brain, (2) fast and errorless transmission of impulses as a basis of intelligence, (3) intelligence and neural efficiency hypothesis, and (4) the role of brain volume and cranial capacity. The results are judged inconclusive concerning the detailed knowledge of the neural mechanisms of intelligence. Moreover, they seem inconclusive concerning the very essence of intelligence. The authors claim that the body of research under review shows neural correlates of individual differences in intellectual ability rather than mechanisms of intelligence. There is also a suggestion that the knowledge of neural correlates of intelligence is not synonymous with the knowledge of intelligence. The latter needs careful psychological analyses and the use of theoretical constructs introduced by cognitive psychology.
6

Trauma and temperament as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and its dimensions 3, 15 months and two years after experiencing flood

100%
Strelau J., Zawadzki B.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2004
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vol. 35
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issue 1
5-13
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of temperament and trauma considered as predictors of PTSD experienced under flood. Two samples were studied. In the first one composed of 384 subjects PTSD was assessed three and 15 months (N = 321) after flood. In the second sample (N = 378) PTSD was assessed two years after disaster and retrospectively few weeks after flood. For measuring PTSD the PTSD – Factorial Version Inventory constructed by the authors was administered. Apart from a total score the PTSD-F allows for assessing intrusion/hyperarousal (I/H) and avoidance/numbing (A/N). Three temperamental traits were selected for the purpose of this study – emotional reactivity, briskness and perseveration measured by the Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory. Intensity of trauma was assessed via structured interview. For analyzing the data coefficients of correlation and hierarchical regression were introduced. It came out that the impact of temperament and trauma as predictors of PTSD is stronger for long-term PTSD. Several interactions between trauma and temperament were obtained. Trauma and emotional reactivity are the best predictors and this refers to the total score of PTSD as well as to the two basic factors – I/H and A/N.
7

Hungarian diagnostic tools of verbal working memory functions

88%
Racsmany M., Lukacs A., Nemeth D., Pleh C.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2005
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vol. 60
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issue 4
479-506
EN
The role of verbal working memory is the temporary storing and updating of 'speech-like' information, in which capacity there are huge individual differences modulating a series of cognitive operations. A number of diagnostic tools have been developed for assessing the capacity of verbal working memory. Unfortunately, these diagnostic tools have not been translated and adapted to Hungarian. As the storing and updating components of verbal working memory are very sensitive to the length of the to-be-remembered information, to the average utterance time and to the phonological structure of the presented items, the materials that are available in the literature mainly in English can only be of limited use for research in the Hungarian language. Our research group produced the Hungarian versions of the three most widely used verbal working memory tasks: digit span task, nonword repetition task and reading span task. We present the three Hungarian working memory task materials and their normative data for the first time.
8
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Psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale: The preliminary study on a Polish sample

75%
Fajkowska M., Derryberry D.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2010
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vol. 41
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issue 1
1-7
EN
The presented study was focused primarily on a psychometric analysis of the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), but they also enhanced the understanding of the role of effortful attentional skills in determining the individual well-being, general adaptation or emotional disorders. The analyses included basic item and scale descriptions as well as convergent and discriminant validity. 218 Polish undergraduate students completed the battery of the self-report techniques and two paper - pencil attentional tests. Data revealed a unidimensional of a 20-item ACS. It can be used validly to assess long-term individual differences in attentional skills related to the voluntary executive functions. The analysis of content, internal and construct validity as well as reliability provided evidence of the scale's significant convergent and discriminant validity when correlated with attentional tests and other personality techniques. We found strong, systematic relations between the attentional control and selected measures of temperament, arousal, emotionality, and motivation. The results allow assuming that good attentional control, may protect individuals from the emotional disorders by regulating perceptual, conceptual, and response processing.
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