Search results

1

INDIVIDUAL AS A MODEL CATEGORY FOR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

100%

Surikova M.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2007

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vol. 39

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issue 2

136-160

EN

The article examines individualism as a kind of social organization typical for the modern societies. Although individualism is mostly analyzed as an ideology or the methodological approach, the author outlines how the individual becomes a model category for the social institutions and processes. Contrary to the ideological expectations the individual did not prove to be an appropriate category for social organization and that is why the sociological theory of individualism is needed. The main problem of social individualism resides in misunderstanding of the social elements and its functions, and consequently also in realization of the individual's sociality. These misunderstandings cause the apparent paradoxes, or dual face of the contemporary individualism, which represents e. g. phenomena of conformity, uncertainty, ambiguity and social exclusion. Rethinking individualism requires rethinking of the principles of the creating social groups and institutions. The central quality of the social groups became collectiveness as a result of the individualistic constructive processes and institutionalization of egalitarianism. Individualistic social organization represents specific kind of the social structure and processes.

2

LOW SOCIAL TRUST IN NEW EU COUNTRIES: IS IT A MATTER OF CULTURE OR ECONOMY? (Poziom zaufania spolecznego w nowych krajach Unii Europejskiej: kwestia kultury czy ekonomii?)

100%

Klusek-Wojciszke B. I., Losiewicz M. M.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2009

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vol. 12

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issue 1(42)

187-192

EN

Social trust (understood as a belief that most unknown people are fair, helpful and trustworthy) is an important correlate or a part of social capital which, in turn, contributes to social and economical development of societies. In the present work indices of social trust in 24 EU countries gathered in the European Social Survey in 2004/2005 were studied. The analyses indicated that the seven countries which had experienced communism showed much lower level of trust than the 17 countries without this experience. Two explanations of the relation between experience of communism and lowered trust were proposed and tested. The first was a cultural one in terms of diminished individualism and the second was an economical one in terms of lowered economical prosperity of societies which had suffered from communism. Although post-communist countries showed both lowered GDP and the individualism level, mediation analyses showed that only the lowered level of economical prosperity accounted for the lowered trust in those countries.

3

PARADOXY SEKULARIZÁCIE

100%

Geremešová G.

Annales Scientia Politica

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2014

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vol. 3

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issue 1

20 – 25

EN

The study analyses the metamorphoses of the phenomenon of religion at the secular age. It analyses more precisely the intensifying process of the individualization of religion. It is based on the concept of the non-existent secularization as metanarrative. Post-modern society has been undergoing extensive secularization on the one hand but on the other hand religion has been experiencing resurgence within the public arena (de-privatization of religion). New cults engaging in de-traditionalization and deinstitutionalization are being formed; faith is experiencing deregulation, and religious symbols and various levels of transcendence are invoked applying liberal logic. Deregulated and liberally chosen religious approaches epitomize the particular dialectics of individualization and de-individualization, i. e. they represent an attempt at a parallel individual and societal spiritual metamorphosis.

4

ON THE INDIVIDUALIST IN MODERN SOCIETY (O indywidualistach w spoleczenstwie wspólczesnym)

100%

Bokszanski Z.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2009

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issue 1(192)

151-169

EN

Individualism is seen as an important orientation of peoples in modern and postmodern societies. Accordingly, many authors maintain that we can expect growing number of 'individualists' in contemporary societies. It is also assumed that 'individualists' are characterized by a coherent set of 'individualistic' values, opinions and attitudes. The main objective of this contribution is to test empirically the hypothesis of growing proportion of the 'individualists' in modern society. The project was based on the data coming from the comparative longitudinal research projects European Values Survey and World Values Survey conducted in the years 1981-2000. The subset of analyzed data covers seven countries the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Hungary and Poland. The results of the analysis challenge the idea of the growing number of 'individualists' in modern societies. It was impossible to trace a group of people whose answers reflected the coherent ideal pattern of an 'individualist'. Preferring an individualistic attitude in one respect was not necessarily connected with a preference for individualistic stances in other domains. The conclusion is that differentiation of values, attitudes and beliefs observed at the level of macro analysis, should be explained by other factors. .

5

Indywidualizm warunkiem uczestnictwa we wspólnocie – perspektywa edukacji międzykulturowej

100%

Szczurek-Boruta A.

Studia z Teorii Wychowania

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2012

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issue 2(5)

19-30

EN

The article is an attempt at theoretical reflection upon contemporary problems - upon the relation between individualism and community. The main idea in these considerations is the assumption that the community strengthens the individual and his/her individual development. Focusing on oneself and one’s own goals does not exclude the awareness of other people’s needs. The theoretical framework for the discussion is formed by the assumptions of Alfred Adler’s individual psychology, Florian Zaniecki’s sociological concept and the concept of intercultural education in its anthropological perspective of Tadeusz Lewowicki and Jerzy Nikitorowicz. These theories and concepts constitute a starting point for presenting the association between community and individualism. They draw attention to dualism of human nature, the dialectics which determines the inner harmony of life. In the context of theoretical analyses, the authoress notices that many potentialities of influencing both the individual and community are situated in education, including intercultural education. It facilitates self-determination and self-development. In the practical aspect, such education is a carrier of the idea of education as well as a means of organizing the learning, forming self-awareness and supporting the development.

6

IS OUR TIME THAT OF 'THE DEATH OF UTOPIA'? (Czy zyjemy w epoce 'smierci utopii'?)

100%

Tyszka K.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2009

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vol. 53

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issue 1

83-103

EN

The article concerns the problem of the crisis of Utopia. Many philosophers and social scientists speak about 'the death of Utopia'. This opinion is closely related to the theory of 'the end of ideology', which was very popular after World War II. Researchers often show that great projects envisaging a radical transformation of society have revealed their destructive power. Moreover, contemporary culture, and especially post-modernist philosophy place emphasis on the temporariness, instability and 'liquidity' of the scheme of social life. So they leave no room for the constitutive elements of Utopian thinking: the overall and enduring projects of the construction of a perfect social order. The article poses the basic question: are Utopian ideas completely absent from the post-modernist vision of society, or do those ideas assume a different character? The author shows some elements of Utopian thinking existing at the level of individual culture. Utopia in its traditional sense has completely disappeared. This does not mean, however, that there is no form of Utopian reflection in contemporary post-modernist society. It appears in a completely new form: the search for a perfect social order has been replaced by a multitude of various ways of looking for a perfect life in the individual dimension.

7

Philosophy of 'The Great Wall' in the Socio-Cultural Context: American versus Chinese People with Regard to the Individual and the Community

100%

Niemczynska A.

Ad Americam

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2010

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vol. 11

53-61

EN

The paper concentrates on the socio-cultural aspect of American-Chinese relations, viewed from the perspective of the 'Great Wall' concept. The 'Great Wall' is a particular visualization of these relations as well as a reason for examining China and the United States in the category of competitive symbols of the East and the West. This idea is often expressed by antagonistic cultural values, most clearly observed in the American and Chinese approaches to the importance of the individual and the community. The author analyzes American society as the embodiment of individualism, which at the same time situates the independent individual in the context of his or her need to belong to some larger community, represented either by the family or some other social organizations. Chinese society has been presented through the angle of Confucianism - a system which developed the cult of the family and collectivism, but did not appreciate the individual. The author has also outlined the contemporary process of gradual elimination of the traditional order in favor of the growing individualism of the youngest generation of Chinese. The causes and effects of cultural differences between China and America have been presented, with the conclusion that in the days of globalization the thus far conflicting approaches are undergoing a the process of far-reaching transformation through mutual adaptation of new values. Thus, the idea of diametrically opposed vision of Chinese and American society is becoming less and less justified.

8

CONFLICT OF MORAL AND ECONOMIC VALUES IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT (Konflikt wartosci moralnych i ekonomicznych w srodowisku pracy.) Source: Pieniadze i Wiez (Money and Social Bond)

100%

Kiwak W., Ignaciuk E. B.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 1(50)

9-19

EN

Modern enterprise is subjected to tensions emerging at the intersection of private and public sphere. It is obviously connected with a loss of sense of identity due to the objectification of man and bringing him to the role of an economic resource that conduces to maximize income. In this situation, the work becomes purpose and meaning rather than means of life. Unstable, floating rules of economic game- subjected to the criterion of utility- are reinforcing future uncertainty, unpredictability of behaviour and short term activities' perspective. The only thing important is 'here and now' and 'my own benefit'. The sense of common good and long-term, generational perspective are fading. These phenomena are reflected in the individual violation of property rights, as well as the general decline in confidence to each party of social contract. Contemporary economics emphasizes the importance of money, and the dominant criterion of individual's activity is seeking utility maximisation. Meanwhile the importance of culture - which includes among others moral norms, traditions, customs, religion, myths, symbols, language - is often stronger than resources understood in material way. The aim of this article is to show the cultural context of economic life in the workplace. The integrity of the individual and community objectives requires a clearly defined axiological agenda. We believe that the lack of legal and institutional governance creates pathologies in social, economic and political life. Individual crisis and problems with identity are factors which are not dealt with in the modern economy, which is just improving its world contained in numbers. Yet without a coherent theory, empirical data are devoid of any meaning. Learning about man and his development allow economists to interpret the meaning of human life and place of work in it. This paper accepts thesis that the role played by the man can not be separated from his inalienable value, which is dignity. Therefore economic life cannot be separated from culture.

88%

Descombes V.

Філософська Думка

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2009

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issue 4

21-29

EN

The paper proposes a new approach to the concept of the political authority based on author's conception of meaning institutions (institutions du sens). Author's analysis starts from an exploration of conceptions of political authority in G. Simmel's and A. Kojeve's writings. Simmel's analysis conceptualizing the relation of authority as an interactive relation along the line of Hegel's dialectics of master and servant arrives to the following paradox: the status of ruling authority proper to a ruling person A depends on the activity of the ruled person B. A. Kojeve solves this paradox noticing that the obedience of B to A's orders is a voluntary obedience. But this solution leads to Kojeve's paradox: now the authority must completely reside on both (the ruler A and the ruled person B). P. Wintch's idea considering the relation of authority as internal relation is proposed as a way out. According to the autho, two individuals have the same notion of authority due to the participation in the same social practices ('meaning institutions'). Hence the notion of political authority is essentially social notion.

15

Josiah Royce: od idealistycznego panteizmu do idealistycznego personalizmu

75%

Ambrożewicz Z.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2015

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vol. 43

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issue 2

75-100

EN

In the paper I discuss the problem of the evolution of Josiah Royce’ s philosophy from a Neo-Hegelian and rather impersonal idealism to a kind of idealistic personalism. I present Royce’s views on the relationship between individuals, community, and the Absolute. However, Royce changed his views on these matters. As a result of allegations of being an impersonal pantheist Royce revised his original point of view. Regarding his mature works, following some Roycean scholars, I argue that Royce’s late idealism may be considered to be a kind of personalism, although Royce himself never used this term. This personalism has some specific features, such as an ethics of loyalty and a triadic interpretative epistemology.

16

Émile Durkheim a tzv. Hobbesův problém řádu: co se skrývá na dně „prvního" ze sociologických mýtů?

75%

Marsalek J.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2008

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vol. 17/30

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issue 3-4

161-184

EN

This paper deals with the relationship between Emile Durkheim's sociology and the contractualist tradition of political philosophy, represented here principally by Thomas Hobbes. Its aim is to show that Giddens' strict rejection of Parsons' claim according to which Durkheim has reopened in his work the 'Hobbes' problem of order', should not be accepted as such, because it's radicality hides that what is the value in Parsons' thesis. As we argue, Parsons has the merit of noticing that Hobbes and Spencer, who - in respect of their social philosophies - are usually seen as opposed, appear to be close to each other when they are considered by Durkheim as to the conception of the society their philosophies yield. Yet Durkheim's criticism of their individualistic conception of society results in a critique of their theories of the state. It is then proposed that Durkheim's sociology is an endeavour to conceive the society independently of the state, and thus, inversely, to emancipate the state from the society, so that it can be entrusted with a different function other than the guarantor of the social order.

75%

Chejnová P.

Bohemistyka

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2013

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vol. 13

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issue 1

15 - 34

EN

The presented article deals with communicative and politeness strategies chosen by Czech native speakers. The method of the research was a discourse completion test; data collected in 2003 and 2011 were compared. Several situations (forms of addressing, thanks, apologies) were presented to the informants, their task was to write down a spontaneous reaction. In relation to Hofstede's dimensional model several observations were made: power index is getting smaller in formal communicative situations, the use od academic titles declines. There is a rising tendency to individualism and competition, speakers often violate modesty maxim, express their needs and emotions more openly. However, the low tolerance of uncertainty does not allow those tendencies to be manifest in formal situations where there is a great risk of face loss, in formal situations speakers prefer stereotypical formulas and chose indirect strategies.

Refine search results

INDIVIDUAL AS A MODEL CATEGORY FOR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

LOW SOCIAL TRUST IN NEW EU COUNTRIES: IS IT A MATTER OF CULTURE OR ECONOMY? (Poziom zaufania spolecznego w nowych krajach Unii Europejskiej: kwestia kultury czy ekonomii?)

PARADOXY SEKULARIZÁCIE

ON THE INDIVIDUALIST IN MODERN SOCIETY (O indywidualistach w spoleczenstwie wspólczesnym)

Indywidualizm warunkiem uczestnictwa we wspólnocie – perspektywa edukacji międzykulturowej

IS OUR TIME THAT OF 'THE DEATH OF UTOPIA'? (Czy zyjemy w epoce 'smierci utopii'?)

Philosophy of 'The Great Wall' in the Socio-Cultural Context: American versus Chinese People with Regard to the Individual and the Community

CONFLICT OF MORAL AND ECONOMIC VALUES IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT (Konflikt wartosci moralnych i ekonomicznych w srodowisku pracy.) Source: Pieniadze i Wiez (Money and Social Bond)

A SYMBOLIC PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY (Historiozofia symboliczna. Nietzscheanski status metafizyki Spenglera)

THE TRANSCENDENT AND HORIZONTAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF 'HORIZONS OF EDUCATION' (Transcendentno-horyzontalna antropologia 'Horyzontow Wychowania')

Spisovatelé a krize demokracie

FORGOING THE SELF IN KIERKEGAARD’S PHILOSOPHY

CAN HUMANITY SURVIVE THE ANTHROPOCENE? IT DEPENDS ON WHO WE THINK WE ARE

THE CONCEPT OF THE POLITICAL AUTHORITY (Poniattia politychnoi instantsii)

Josiah Royce: od idealistycznego panteizmu do idealistycznego personalizmu

Émile Durkheim a tzv. Hobbesův problém řádu: co se skrývá na dně „prvního" ze sociologických mýtů?

THE PROBLEM OF MEANING AND ITS MAIN TRANSFORMATIONS IN FRENCH PHILOSOPHY OF THE SECOND HALF OF 20TH CENTURY (Problema sensu ta yii holovni transformatsii u frantsuz'kii filosofii druhoi polovyny XX stolittia)

NEOLIBERAL DISCOURSES IN SPANISH FOR BUSINESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC CLASSROOM STUDY

ROZKLAD TRADIČNEJ MORÁLKY AKO PREDPOKLAD EURÓPSKEHO NIHILIZMU

Posuny ve zdvořilostních strategiích v současné české společnosti