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1

SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION AND INFRAHUMANIZATION OF OUTGROUP MEMBERS

100%
Baran T.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
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vol. 42
|
issue 3
5-14
EN
In the present study the hypothesis of J. Ph. Leyens was tested that social categorization results in infrahumanization of outgroup members. The phenomenon manifests in a tendency to attribute specifically human, positive and negative secondary emotions more to the ingroup than to outgroups, without parallel differences on primary emotions. Additionally, the relationship between the outgroup infrahumanization and ingroup bias was tested. In line with expectations it appeared that general high school participants were more likely to attribute secondary emotions both positive and negative to the ingroup than to the outgroup (vocational high school students). However, the ingroup-outgroup distinction had no impact on attribution of primary emotions. It is worth to notice that the effect emerged despite the lack of real conflict between the groups. Furthermore participants attributed significantly more positive emotions to the ingroup members than to the outgroup members. This finding indicates the emergence of ingroup bias. Other results of the study suggest that outgroup infrahumanization is a phenomenon relatively independent of ingroup bias.
2

INFRA-HUMANIZATION OF OUT-GROUPERS - DEMONSTRATION IN THE MINIMAL GROUP PARADIGM

51%
Miroslawska M.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
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vol. 44
|
issue 4
45-55
EN
The main goal of the presented experiment was to test if the infra-humanization effect would appear in the minimal group paradigm, which would indicate a basic character of this phenomenon. The experiment was carried out in the modified Kandinsky-Klee paradigm, with the use of emotions attribution measure - participants ascribed primary and secondary emotions to members of minimal ingroup and outgroup. It appeared that more secondary - typically human - emotions were ascribed to ingroupers than to the outgroup members, with no such difference as far as primary emotions - common to humans and animals - were concerned. This finding is in line with J.-P. Leyens' findings (Leyens et al. 2000, 2001). Leyens named the phenomenon of ascribing more secondary emotions to ingroupers than to outgroup members 'infra-humanization' as it concerns denying some typically human characteristics - such as secondary emotions - to the outgroupers. The phenomenon of infra-humanization appeared in the minimal group paradigm. The reported finding indicates that infra-humanization is a basic phenomenon and not a distant result of processes caused by social categorization.
3

Pomiar zjawiska infrahumanizacji „obcych” poprzez atrybucje slow typowo ludzkich i typowo zwierzęcych

44%
Baran T.
Psychologia Społeczna
|
2011
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vol. 6
|
issue 3(18)
202-213
EN
This paper reports studies on adaptation of a measure of an out-group infrahumanization effect introduced by Viki (Viki et al., 2006), which is based on differential attribution of typically human and typically animal related words. In the first experiment Polish research participant attributed significantly less human-related words and significantly more animal-related words to residents of Asia and Africa than to Europeans. In the second experiment Poles attributed less human-related words and more animal-related words to Gypsies and animals than to the other Poles. The outcomes confirm an infrahumanization hypothesis formulated by Leyens (Leyens et al., 2000; Leyens, 2009). Moreover the results of the second experiment indicate that there is no correlation between the out-group infrahumanization and in-group bias effects.
4

Zjawisko infrahumanizowania „obcych”: Wstępny test hipotezy generalizacji Ja

32%
Mirosław K., Monika M.
Psychologia Społeczna
|
2007
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1(3)
52-66
EN
People tend to ascribe secondary (specifically human) emotions to ingroup members more than to outgroup members, whereas no such tendency is observed for primary (basic) emotions (the phenomenon of infrahumanization). In our study we compared J.P. Leyens’ essentialistic explanation (humanity as an essence of ingroup category) to the generalization-of-the-self explanation (the model suggested by research on the self as a source of ingroup image) of the phenomenon. Participants ascribed personality traits and emotions to the self. Then, in the minimal group paradigm, they made the same ascriptions, this time to the (minimal) ingroup and outgroup. No general infrahumanization effect emerged, whereas strong ingroup bias was found. In line with generalization-of-the-self approach, participants from the subgroup with stronger self-ascriptions of secondary than primary emotions showed the classical infrahumanization effect, whereas participants from subgroup with stronger self-ascriptions of primary than secondary emotions tended to infrahumanize the ingroup. In conclusion, when secondary emotions dominate over primary emotions in the representation of the self, the projection of one’s own emotions to the ingroup might be responsible for the humanization of the ingroup and the infrahumanization of outgroups.
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