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1

Memory for words related to demands of a problem solved prior to encoding: An Investigation into inhibitory mechanisms of defence against distraction

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2006
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vol. 37
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issue 3
154-171
EN
Participants solved a simple divergent problem, then performed an ostensibly unrelated speeded classification task concerning each of a series of nouns, and then free recalled the nouns. Some of the nouns in the classification task corresponded to certain demands of the problem. Recall of these nouns was analysed as a function of response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) in the classification task. Earlier studies by the author indicated that memory for such words tends to be impaired. This has been attributed to inhibitory defence against current-goal-irrelevant processing they cause in the classification task. On the assumption that the processing and the inhibitory counteraction needs time to develop between the consecutive words, impaired recall was expected at some longer and not at some shorter RSIs. Indeed, recall of problem-related words was worse in the 1550-ms RSI condition than in the 1150-ms RSI condition. Unexpectedly, however, in the 350- and 750-ms RSI conditions recall was also impaired relative to the 1150-ms RSI condition. The latter did not differ from the 1150-ms RSI control condition, in which the problem was not solved. A revised model is proposed to account for the data, which assumes that strategically controlled inhibition may block task-irrelevant processing at an earlier or at a later phase, decreasing the accessibility of the memory contents involved.
2

INHIBITORY PROCESSES, LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE MECHANISMS OF ATTENTIONAL SELECTION - THE IMPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE PRIMING

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2005
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vol. 11
31-63
EN
The author analyses implications of the results of research on negative priming for the theory that attributes this phenomenon to inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. According to an early inhibitory account of negative priming, the representation of the stimulus ignored or selected against in the prime (preceding) display is actively suppressed, which entails a short-term decrease in the representation's activation level below baseline. As a result, when a response to this stimulus is required in the probe (subsequent) display, accessing the stimulus representation may be more difficult. Contrary to this account, it was found that negative priming may persist for quite a long time and that it depends on the conditions in, and on the broader context of, the probe display in which an earlier distractor appears as the target. These results are congenial with noninhibitory accounts of negative priming, which attribute the effect to a conflict or difficulty arising when on the probe trial an episodic representation of the probe target is retrieved that was established when this stimulus served as a distractor. Following the integrative proposal put forward by Tipper (2001), the author considers modifications the inhibitory account seems to require to accommodate the data indicating that both inhibition and memory processes play a role in negative priming. A basic change is a revision of the assumptions concerning the way the effects of inhibition are carried over from the prime trial to the probe trial. A modified inhibitory account assumes that this transfer involves memory coding (on the prime trial) and retrieval (on the test trial) of inhibitory processes or their effects. It is shown that this modification necessitates a revision of other assumptions of the original inhibitory account, especially those concerning the nature of the representations involved in negative priming and the very concept of inhibition. Taking into account the role learning and memory processes play in selective attention puts the mechanisms of the latter in a new theoretical perspective. The transition is from analysing attentional selection in a narrow focus of the question that concerns how the organism solves a current problem of distinguishing task-relevant stimuli from distractors, to analysing it in a broader context of the issue of how the organism in its interactions with a given environment learns to categorise stimuli as relevant or irrelevant, to represent them in the context of an activity as those that should be attended to and those that should be ignored.
3

ROLE OF THE INHIBITION OF NATURAL NUMBER BASED REASONING AND STRATEGY SWITCH COST IN A FRACTION COMPARISON TASK

100%
Van Hoof J., Ceulemans E., Van Dooren W.
Studia Psychologica
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2021
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vol. 63
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issue 1
64 – 76
EN
Previous research amply showed the importance of a good fraction understanding but also people’s lack of fraction understanding. It is therefore important to investigate the cognitive processes that underlie reasoning with fractions. The present study investigated the role of inhibition and switch costs in fraction comparison tasks. Participants solved a fraction comparison task that alternated between 4 items congruent and 4 items incongruent with natural number reasoning. This allowed to not only investigating congruency switch effects, but also inhibition, given that inhibition was experimentally increased by the prolonged exposure to incongruent trials. Based on data of seventh graders, the present study showed that inhibition does not only play a role in learners’ general mathematics achievement, but also in specific areas of mathematics, such as fractions. Moreover, a switch cost was found in the lower accuracy rates and higher reaction times needed to correctly solve switch items compared to non-switch items.
4

BELIEF INHIBITION DURING THINKING: NOT SO FAST

88%
Damnjanović K., Ilić S.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 4
371 - 389
EN
The present study is a conceptual replication of a study by De Neys and Franssens (2009) about the role of belief inhibition in reasoning, operationalized as the change in reaction times to different categories of words presented after syllogistic reasoning task. As in the original study, we examined the accessibility of cued beliefs after syllogistic reasoning, by presenting participants (N = 145) with incongruent (heuristic and normatively correct answers differ) and congruent categorical syllogisms, and lexical decision tasks comprising cued and unrelated words, and imposed methodological restrictions within the original procedure. Mean RT was overall shorter to the cued than to unrelated words, and for all combinations of both syllogism congruency and response accuracy on the preceding syllogism, indicating that the full neglect of content is not necessary for correct evaluation of logical status. We registered shorter RTs for words cued by incongruent syllogisms after correct than after incorrect evaluation, which indicates that participants actively process the content of the syllogism while reasoning, as a form of cognitive control. The successfully conducted Type 2 reasoning enhances lexical access to the cued content, rather than impairing it. In short, findings of the original study were replicated for the priming effects, but not for the inhibition of content.
5

TRAIT IMPULSIVITY AND OCULOMOTOR INHIBITION

88%
Taylor A. J. G.
Studia Psychologica
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2016
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vol. 58
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issue 2
134 – 144
EN
Trait impulsivity is multi-dimensional in nature. Researchers are beginning to explore how these dimensions of impulsivity relate to inhibitory control. When using behavioural tasks, some studies have found inhibitory control deficits in people with high levels of impulsivity. Comparatively, little is known about the relationship between oculomotor inhibition and trait impulsivity in healthy participants. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between trait impulsivity and oculomotor inhibition. Using a sample of 80 participants, impulsivity was measured via two self-report questionnaires; oculomotor inhibition was measured with anti-saccades. In general there was no relationship between impulsivity and anti-saccade errors. Those with low scores on the BIS attentional scale made more anti-saccade errors than those with high scores. Neither anti-saccade nor pro-saccade latencies correlated with impulsivity. These findings suggest oculomotor inhibition is not impaired in individuals with trait impulsivity.
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