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POHREBISKO NITRIANSKEJ KULTÚRY V ZOHORE

100%

Daňová K., Elschek K.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2014

vol. 62

issue 2

267 – 291

In 2009 on the position Piesky in Zohor, dist. Malacky, the cemetery of the Nitra culture was unearthed. It is situated on the sand dune that has been permanently inhabited since the Neolithic. A total of 22 skeletal graves were excavated. Graves in the central part of the cemetery were arranged in a line, in the direction of NE-SW. North and south parts consisted of only few graves. Burial pits had a more or less regular rectangular ground plan with rounded corners, but also oval and elongated shape and trapezoidal ground plan. The largest graves belonged to adults. In two female graves traces of coffins were detected. Graves of boys were oriented in the direction of W-E, one of them in the direction of NE-SW. Women and girls were buried in a crouched position on the left side, while men and boys on the right side. Within the burial rite several particularities have occurred. It is primarily the absence of parts of bodies or whole skeleton. In one grave lacking a skeleton, beads were found on the bottom of the burial pit. It is remarkable that the absence of parts of bodies or grave disruption is observed only in children´s graves. From the nine identified children´s graves in Zohor, in eight of them skeletons were evidently disrupted, eventually some bones absented. Only in one grave the disrupted body belonged to an adult woman. In connection with disruptions of children´s graves ritual reasons are considered primarily, although it is not excluded that some displacements in a burial pit could have occurred due to activities of animals. Grave inventory represented bone and antler beads, which were placed only in graves of women and girls. Round head ornaments in the shape of a willow leaf were also found only in female graves. At the cemetery a bone awl, chipped stone industry, a semi-finished artefact probably of stone crusher and few pottery shards were also included. To determinate the chronological position of the graves particularly head ornaments in the shape of a willow leaf with a slight central rib contributed. These appear in the burial grounds of the Nitra culture in the earlier stage.

GRAVE FROM GNATY-LEWISKI. CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH ON EARLY MEDIEVAL INHUMATION CEMETERIES IN MASOVIA (Grób z miejscowosci Gnaty-Lewiski. Przyczynek do badan wczesnosredniowiecznych cmentarzysk szkieletowych na Mazowszu)

86%

Mariusz B., Kazimierz P., Jakub W.

Archeologia Polski

2009

vol. 54

issue 32

249-273

In 2006, human skeletal remains were found loose in a sand excavation pit in the vicinity of an archaeological site. Salvage excavations in 2007 uncovered a grave pit containing the lower half of a skeleton of a young woman. A skull was found loose in the sand next to the grave. The orientation of the skeleton was to the northwest and the age was estimated anthropologically at 18-21 years. A silver ring was recorded on one of the digits of the hand. Traces of green discoloration on the skull suggested the presence of copper-alloy head ornaments. An assemblage of 40 potsherds, including 6 prehistoric pieces, 16 of Early Medieval date and 18 fragments of wheel-made pots, mostly of 15th-16th c. date (but also later), was recovered also. The grave must be considered as part of an Early Medieval inhumation cemetery. Hoewver, the finds are inconclusive as evidence for the existence of a prehistoric cremation burial ground, because cremation was the preferred form of burial from the Early Iron age to the earliest phases of the Middle Ages. The grave is dated from the middle of the 11th to the first half of the 13th c. The foundation of a parish church in nearby Winnica is dated to the first half of the 13th c.; from that date on presumably the knightly classes from the area would have buried their dead there. The silver ring is not helpful in precise dating of the grave, as similar jewelry from the region of the northwestern Slavs is attributed from the end of the 10th through the 13th c. The Early Medieval pottery from the vicinity of the grave is also dated broadly from the first half of the 10th through the 13th c. The grave belongs to one of four Early Medieval inhumation cemeteries excavated in the southern parts of the Ciechanów Upland. Data for altogether 15 church cemeteries and non-church cemeteries has been collected in the region. The number of inhumation burials here is considerably less than in the neighboring Plonsk Upland and partly the Raciaz Plain to the west, and the northern part of the Ciechanów Upland where a concentration of cemeteries with stone settings has been recorded. In the southern part of the Ciechanów Upland, there existed four cemeteries with stone settings. Burial grounds with graves of unknown type were situated at four other sites distanced from 6 km to 19 km. The discussed grave was situated about 10 km from the Nasielsk stronghold and about 13 km from the Castle Hill in Pultusk. It remains to be ascertained which settlements the Gnaty-Lewiski cemetery serviced. Ground surveys in the region have yielded only one trace of settlement in the Early Medieval period, located 2 km from the said cemetery. The discovery of the grave places in an interesting light the issue of the continuity of knightly settlement from the times of the Piast rulers through the Modern Age. Masovia is characterized by the presence of cemeteries with rich graves with stone settings, it was densely populated by members of the lesser knighthood, later minor gentry, especially of the poorer sort. Archeology, history and anthropology still have a place in the study of the Early Medieval inhumation cemeteries in Masovia. Figs 7.

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1 Archeologia Polski

1 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

1 Daňová K.

1 Elschek K.

1 Jakub W.

1 Kazimierz P.

1 Mariusz B.

1 2014

1 2009

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POHREBISKO NITRIANSKEJ KULTÚRY V ZOHORE

GRAVE FROM GNATY-LEWISKI. CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH ON EARLY MEDIEVAL INHUMATION CEMETERIES IN MASOVIA (Grób z miejscowosci Gnaty-Lewiski. Przyczynek do badan wczesnosredniowiecznych cmentarzysk szkieletowych na Mazowszu)