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BONDS OF STEEL OR BONDS OF STRAW? INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICY IN SLOVAKIA

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Sičáková-Beblavá E., Beblavý M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2016
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vol. 48
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issue 3
290 – 313
EN
The paper is a case study of influence of international organizations on national/domestic policies. It analyses effect of major anti-corruption conventions of three organizations – OECD, Council of Europe and UN – on domestic policy in Slovakia to see whether these conventions matter for what actually happens in domestic policy. More broadly, it also looks at whether the current political science and sociological perspectives, with their dichotomy of external incentives and social learning, are appropriate for understanding the mechanisms through which such conventions operate. The conclusion is that, for domestic policymakers, international anticorruption conventions are not inherently either bonds of steel or bonds of straw. The external commitment would be used by domestic champions, but is not necessarily sufficient to override the domestic opposition.
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MIESTO MEDZINÁRODNÝCH ORGANIZÁCIÍ V KODIFIKÁCII MEDZINÁRODNÉHO PRÁVA

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Klučka J.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2013
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vol. 96
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issue 4
373 – 385
EN
During the 70s and 80s of the last century a few new items of the codification´s agenda of International Law Commission (ILC) concerning the international intergovernmental organizations (IGO) have appeared. Heretofore results the ILC work confirm the analysis of this new item from three angles. The main goal of the first was to prepare the set of uniform rules for regulation certain common activities of IGOs regardless of their legal and factual specificities. Similarily as in the agenda concerning states a different level of codification and/or progressive development of international may be identified depending on the „ripeness“ of concrete topic for the purpose of codification.The final results of the ILC work represent four international treaties and one Draft of articles. As regards as international treaties it should be noted Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of Universal charater of 1975, Vienna Convention on the Succession of States with respect of Treaties 1978, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations of between International Organizations of 1986 and finally Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations of 2011.Excepting Vienna Convention of 1975 the Commision has dealt with similar problems namely whether a to what extent the rules of IGOs should have the priority over the codified rules prepared by ILC. Concrete articles of treaties and/or draft articles solve this question regarding the specifities of each concrete topic. As regards as second aspect of ILC work it evaluated the impact of different „external“ factors on the IGOs selected acts and/or activities. The relevent results are presented by the Draft Articles on the Effect of Armed Conflict on Treaties 2011 and Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents of 1973.
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THE ISSUE OF NULLITY OF LAW MAKING RESOLUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

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Buchowska N.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2008
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vol. 28
9-24
EN
The question of nullity of law-making resolutions of international organizations is essential not only for the organization itself and its law, but also for the member states, which are the addressees of these resolutions. First, the member states, being obliged to implement certain resolutions, must be certain that they will be implementing an act which is both valid and binding. Second, in order to implement a law-making resolution, states may undertake certain legal or factual actions. Hence the nullity of such a resolution would result in a series of consequences, including the problem of restoring the factual and legal conditions existing before a null and void resolution has been implemented. The complex problem of nullity of law-making resolutions requires the consideration of many issues. First, there is the issue of the cause(s) of nullity, i.e. what types of events would cause the resolution to lose its validity. Second, there is the problem concerning the effects of nullity, i.e. is it possible for a null and void resolution to have legal effects; is it possible to validate null and void resolution? Another issue concerns the applicable procedure for the declaration of nullity. In this context, a new question arises: whether member states or the organization itself have the competence to question the resolution? These issues are at the core of the discussion presented in this article.
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APLIKÁCIA MEDZINÁRODNÉHO PRÁVA

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Klučka J.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 3
264 – 279
EN
The application of international law fulfills important task whereas enables the practical exercise of regulatory functions of its concrete rules in the international practice. In this respect it should be firstly noted that implementation of international law into domestic legal order is generally required by states as a necessary precondition for its application. Taking into account the absence of international rule prescribing specific form and manner of implementation, the relevant practice of the states is decisive. Within the states preferring the monist conception the direct application of international treaties (self executing treaties) is possible. Relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) should be respected (namely Articles 25, 28, 29, 31) within the process of direct application of international treaties and their breach raises the international responsibility of states. The same requirement has to be complied with respect of application of international treaties by international organizations. There is no room for direct application of international treaties within states preferring dualist conception whereas the content of each treaty has to be obligatory transformed into specific kind of domestic legal regulation. Regarding the application of customary international law, the practice of states in principle confirms that they are not formally implemented into domestic legal orders of states and public bodies usually apply customary international law directly. The diversity of the judgments of international judicial bodies and decisions of international organizations prevent any attempt of states to apply them in a uniform manner. Similarly, as in the case of international treaties, there are no rules prescribing their specific application and different practice of states enjoy the leading role in the application of the international obligations arising from the international judgments and decisions.
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