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1

Europa w cieniu imperium

100%
Kołodziej J.
Euro-Facta
|
2008
|
vol. 1. From totalitarism to citizen's societes in the United Europe
385-389
EN
Once we used to say that the world is divided between rich and poor, then between north and south, after that people often used a slogan: the west and the rest. Today this west is America. There has been a huge turn in the way of thinking about our world. Many political scientists and sociologists say nowadays, that there is no west anymore, it has lost its significance. Ways of the Europe and USA had split. It is time to cease pretending that, Europeans and Americans still think about world in the same way, because now they live in two entirely different worlds. Of course, they both have same ideas and aspirations, but they perceive the world, define notions and means of international policy otherwise. That is why they often disagree and cannot really understand each other. The abyss between them is getting tremendously large. The question, which appears is: How is it possible, that Europe and America changed their attitude to international policy so radically? Yet it was Europe, where all the religious, ethnical and national wars took place, where Napoleon, Bismarck or Hitler ruled, and it was America where all the citizens denounced the XIX century imperial European policy. It appears that the strategic cultures have changed all the way around. That situation was possible, because in the 20th century it was the USA, that became a world-power even stronger than Europe. Before, America was too weak and had not enough military power to conduct forceful policy of power. Nowadays Americans reigns in world’s most important domains: technology, economy, military and culture and that makes it the only world-power. Europe unfortunately had to say goodbye to its hegemony and now it has to rely on international law because its military power is embarrassingly tiny in comparison with American.
2

Współczesna Brazylia: główne kierunki w polityce wewnętrznej i międzynarodowej

70%
Mikołajczyk J.
Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
|
2011
|
vol. 12
129-142
EN
Modern Brazil deserves more international focus due to its new-found political and economic stability. Not only is it described as an emerging power, but it is included into BRIC countries. The international success of Brazil stems from, among others, the fruitful presidency of Lula, the discovery of new vast “pre-salt” oil fields in the deep waters, the involvement in the regional projects and the efficient strategies of emerging from the world economic recession. The article gives a general overview of the politics of president Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva in the last years of his governance in Brazil (2003–2010), as well as presents the strategies of present internal, defence and foreign policies of Latin-American emerging giant. All the steps being taken prove that contemporary Brazil is taking its place on the international stage once more, being ready to make its mark.
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