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Potęga i niemoc. Unia Europejska jako aktor w stosunkach międzynarodowych (część 1)

100%
Zajączkowski K., Milczarek D.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 1
9-28
EN
The article analyses the European Union as an important actor in con-temporary international relations. The first part of the paper characterises and defines the EU as a specific, unique participant in international re-lations and subsequently presents its capabilities and instruments in this sphere. These capabilities result from the EU’s high position and role in the global arena, and the EU’s most important instrument in this context is external policy, which includes economic external relations (in which the EU is an economic giant) as well as the foreign and security policy, the weaknesses of which make the EU a political/military dwarf. The second part of the article is devoted to an analysis of these problems, examines the main deficiencies of the EU’s foreign policy and proposes remedies, including greater Communitisation of the foreign and security policy to improve its effectiveness. The final deliberations focus on the attempt to predict the position of the European Union in the future world, most probably more multipolar than the world of today.
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Quid pro Quo: Dependent Relative Revocation and Quixotic Military Dis-encirclement

80%
Jones D. A.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2014
|
issue 4
s.99-120
EN
International agreements and legitimate expectations must be clear, must be enforced. Unless an international agreement is enforced punctiliously, it is a sham. Agreements that the West and most of the rest of the world believed governed the boundaries of the Ukrainian Republic seem to have been ignored, at least from 2014, particularly by the Russian Federation with impunity. So also does the Sino-British Joint Declaration that governs legitimate expectations of the people of Hong Kong following its “turn over” or “return” to China seem to be in the process of becoming ignored. Changes in life at every turn must be foreseen. Each action provokes reaction. In the relations of nations, a “quid pro quo” is a legitimate expectation in the 21st century. From the Doctrine of Dependent Relative Revocation (DRR) we may justify the substitution or even the withdrawal of terms and conditions pertinent to any given agreement when parties thereto have relied to their detriment in performing their own duties without reciprocation. This argument applies to Hong Kong and Ukraine and to other locations worldwide. If it is necessary or expedient for the Russian Federation to invade and occupy the Crimean Peninsula or other regions of Eastern Ukraine, it is equally necessary and desirable to return Königsberg to Germany and Western Ukraine to Poland. If it is undesirable for China to honor in principle the legitimate expectation of the Hong Kong citizenry to universal suffrage with full and fair election of their chief executive, then Hong Kong Island and Kowloon that were ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity should be returned to the United Kingdom, especially if this is the wish of the people of Hong Kong expressed in an internationally supervised election much as the United Kingdom offered recently to Scotland but failed to provide to Hong Kong.“Quixotic Encirclement” will continue in many areas of the world, by the West and also by the Eastern Bloc. Military encirclement as well as information, economic, and trade examples of encirclement will continue to prevail. Each encircling party must understand that the more it encircles its adversaries, actual or potential, real or imaginary, it should expect to be encircled itself by those same adversaries including some that were not adversaries before they felt encircled. What once was an arms race in the 1950s and for the duration of the Cold War has become a veritable encirclement race. This is entirely evident in the reaction by the Russian Federation to NATO encirclement and to the reaction Studia Europejskie, 4/2014 by China to United States encirclement. Is encirclement worth the cost structure of both conducting the encircling and defending against counterencirclement? Encirclement is very expensive and counter-productive in many respects.
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