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1

Commonwealth of Interest in the Rus’ian-Byzantine Treaty (ca. 944)

100%

Siwko A.

Studia Ceranea

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2021

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vol. 11

405-426

EN

The preamble to the Rus’ian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded around 944, contains dozens of anthroponyms – the names of members of the Kyivian elite, their envoys as well as merchants. Several of them can be identified as Slavonic. The author attempted to answer the question about the identity of these Slavs and their status within the “decision-making collective” of the early Rus’ian state. He has compared the information contained in the treaty with material consisting of other Rus’ian and Byzantine sources. Additionally the author compared the system of governance in the state of the first Rurikids with the model present among the Yotvingians and other medieval Baltic societies, which have also came under the influence of the Scandinavians.

2

Имя святого в православной традиции

94%

Kamalova A.

humanistica 21

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2018

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vol. 2

63-76

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest szczególnemu działowi onomastyki – imionom świętych. Imiona świętych mają funkcję sakralną, dlatego muszą być zindywidualizowane. Odwołanie do spisu imion świętych Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej ujawnia powtórzenia imion własnych. Tak więc imię osobiste Vasiliy powtarza się 131 razy. Imię świętego – hagioantroponim – ma za zadanie służyć jako identyfikator osoby kanonizowanej, wyróżnić ją wśród innych, noszących to samo imię. Hagioantroponim nie może być reprezentowany wyłącznie przez imię i nazwisko, indywidualizacja zachodzi przy pomocy wieloskładnikowej, rzadziej dwuskładnikowej struktury hagioantroponimu. Struktura i skład danego hagioantroponimu zależy od sytuacji już istniejącej w systemie świętych imion, a także historii życia i duchowego heroizmu świętego. Dwuskładnikowe mogą być tylko najstarsze hagioantroponimy (katego¬ria świętości + imię), później system nazewnictwa komplikuje się poprzez dodanie wyróżników, na przykład: kategoria świętości + nazwa + wyróżnik (wyróżnikiem może być nominator, deskryptor, lokalizator, przydomek, nazwisko, tytuł, etnonim). W artykule zostały przeanalizowane hagioantropoimy z imionami własnymi Igor, Pimen, Varlaam, Vasiliy. Autor stwierdza, że struktura i zawartość hagioantroponimów mają nie tylko funkcję różnicującą, ale również informacyjną, są pojęciowym rdzeniem żywota świętego.

XX

The article is devoted to original language material – to names of Saints. Names of Saints perform sacral function, therefore, they have to be individualized. The author studied the list of names of Saints of Russian Orthodox Church and revealed repetitions of personal names. For example, the personal name Vasily repeats 131 times. The name of the Saint (agioanthroponym) has to perform function of the identifier of the specific person canonized, to distinguish it from others, bearing the same personal name. Agioanthroponyms are not presented only by personal names, individualization of the Saint is carried out by means of multicomponent structure of agioanthroponyms, two-component agioanthroponyms seldom meet. The structure of the components of a particular agioanthroponyms depends on the situation in the system of Saints' names and testifies to the spiritual feat of Saint. Only the oldest agioanthroponyms (rank of holiness + name) can have two components, gradually the naming system became more com¬plex because of the differentiators, for example: rank of holiness + name + differentiator (nominees, descriptors, localizers, agno¬mens, cognomen, names, ethnonyms can function as a differentiator). The author describes the agioanthroponyms with personal names Igor, Pimen, Varlaam, Vasily. The conclusion contains the idea about the structure and content of agioanthroponyms perform not only a differentiating function, agianthroponym is the conceptual core of the life of Saint.

3

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku

60%

Polek K.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 14

5-57

PL

From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized – with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.

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1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

1 Studia Ceranea

1 humanistica 21

1 Kamalova A.

1 Polek K.

1 Siwko A.

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1 2018

Commonwealth of Interest in the Rus’ian-Byzantine Treaty (ca. 944)

Имя святого в православной традиции

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku