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EN
Imitation is an important factor in the moral development of the human person. Taking on the function of an example or model for others and the corresponding actions of the imitators who conform to those of the external model may be interpreted as an attitude of solidarity. This specific kind of love and service to others obliges people to involvement for the sake of the common good, for the well-being of all and everyone. An important element of this commitment is exhibiting in one’s own behavior authentic values, which take on the stature of an exemplar or model for others. In that way, moral exemplarism is a kind of contribution to the well-being of others and to the common good, as it is a call to participate in the values interiorized by the model. The imitator’s attitude can also be seen as one of solidarity, through which he is able to properly assess the values of the models, and follow only the real ones. In this manner, he can become a responsible participant in society. Openness towards models is a sign of an active presence in community life, which builds up the richness of its members.
EN
Draws attention rich and varied occasional output of Chlebowski, who was a professional writer creating in the first half of the 17th century. However, former researchers accused him of plagiarism at the same time regarding him as a talented compiler. Researches on the Chlebowski’s output are going to lead to recognise his writing technique and expand knowledge about compilation and imitation. Furthermore, the article presents the state of researches on the Chlebowski’s creativity starting from the oldest works of a bibliographic nature (end of the 18th and the 19th century) to the detailed studies, which concern the following issues: Zebrzydowski’s rebellion, political relations with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, hagiographic writings, political relations with Persia and the Ottoman Empire, images of natural disasters, the Tatar invasions and funeral writings. Moreover, the following directions for further studies have been indicated: recognising the biography of the poet; organising and enhancing the knowledge of his works; identification of the community, from the patronage of which Chlebowski benefited as a professional writer; redefinition of the relations between compilation, imitation and Chlebowski’s plagiarism; proving whose library resources the poet benefited from.
PL
W nauce ekonomii traktuje się zjawisko innowacji jako ściśle związane z tworzeniem wiedzy oraz jej przenikaniem do produkcji dóbr materialnych, dóbr i usług. Istnieje jednak rozbieżność w rozumieniu tego związku. Innowacją nazywa się często cały proces rozwiązywania jakiegoś poznawczego lub praktycznego problemu wraz z wyrażaniem gotowego wyniku do produkcji, bądź też za innowację uważa się tylko samo zastosowanie rezultatów postępu wiedzy, określanych jako odkrycie lub wynalazki. Ograniczenie się do innowacji-procesów, jak w ekonomii neoklasycznej, jest bardzo wygodne metodologicznie. Pozwala oprzeć się w analizie na metodach wynikających z funkcji produkcji, która służy niemal wyłącznie opisowi zmian w obrębie wytwarzania, a więc innowacji technologicznych.
EN
The paper presents the issue of innovation from the point of view of Schumpeter, Lange and Galbraith. The thesis about the economic effectiveness of innovation was verified. The global innovation index was used to measure innovation, which served to explain the impact of innovation on the mobility of production factors and economic growth. Presented are the conditions for the emergence of innovation in terms of Schumpeter. The way in which Oskar Lange captures the impact of innovation on the properties of the production function is presented. The Schumpeter-Galbraith` hypothesis states that a large enterprise is a better user of the leading achievements of science and technology, a better innovator than their independent co-creator.
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